LIBRARY 

OF    THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 
Class 


HEAT   AND    LIGHT 

==:  FROM  

MUNICIPALS  WASTE 


WRITTEN  FOR 
MUNICIPALITIES  AND  ENGINEERS 


— BY — 


Joseph  G.  Branch,  B.  S.,  M.  E. 

Chief  of  the  Department  of  Inspection  Boilers  and  Elevators. 
Member  of  the  Board  of  Examining  Engineers 

for  the  City  of  St.  Louis. 
Member  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers,  Etc. 


WITH  FIFTY-SIX  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PUBLISHED  B'! 

WM.  H.  O'BRIEN  PRINTING  AND  PUBLISHING  CO. 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


• 


Copyrighted  1906 

by 
JOSEPH  G.  BRANCH. 


CONTENTS  m 


CONTENTS. 


Chapter.  Page. 

I.      Introductory    Remarks    1 

II.    -  Municipal   and   Other  Waste    4 

III.  Incineration   and    Reduction    7 

IV.  British    and    Other    Foreign    Destructors    and    In- 

cinerators      16 

V.  American   Incinerators    29 

VI.  The    Branch    Incinerator    and   Wagon    Washer    and 

Disinfector     . 75 

VII.     . Steam    and    Hot   Water    Heating 108 

VIII.     Incinerators       Combined       with       Central       Heating 

Plants     120 

IX.      Elements  of  Electricity    170 

X.      Incinerators   Combined   with   Electricity   and   Water 

WTorks 196 

XI.      Incinerator  Sites  and  Buildings 203 

XII.      Natural  and  Mechanical  Draft 210 

XIII.  The  Comparative  Advantages  of  Various  Types  of 

Steam  Boilers  for  Incinerating  and  Central  Heat- 
ing   Plants    225 

XIV.  Classes  of  Engines  and  Pumps 250 

XV.      Gas    and    Oil    Installations,    and    the    Comparative 

Value  of  Fuels   269 

XVI.      Forms  of  Franchises  and  Ordinances   .                        .  275 


iv  FRANCHISES 


FRANCHISES  AND  ORDINANCES. 

LEGAL  FORMS. 

Page. 

Collection,  Removal  and  Disposal  of  Refuse,  Contract  for  295 

Construction   Incinerating  Plant 279 

Disposal  of  Garbage,  Contract  for    283 

Gas  Works,  Franchise  for    281 

Heating  System  Central,   Franchise  for 276 

Lighting   Electric,    Franchise   for    289 

Lighting  Electric,  Heating  and  Power,  Franchise  for.  .  .  .  294 

Railway  Electric  Street,  Franchise  for  . .  .  . 286 

Statute    Prohibiting    Dumping    of    Refuse    in    Navigable 

Waters  of  the  United  States.                                     .  275 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figure.  Page. 

1.  Transverse   Section  of   Garbage   Incinerator 74 

2.  Side  Elevation  and  Vertical  Section  of  Incinerator.  .  77 

3.  Horizontal     and     Vertical     Sections     of    Incinerator, 

without    Boiler    Attachment    78 

4.  Horizontal     and    Vertical     Sections    of    Incinerator, 

with   Boiler  Attachment. 79 

5.  Detail   Front  Elevation   of  the   Branch   Garbage   In- 

cinerator      82 

6.  Tank  Steel  Casing  Enclosing  Incinerator 82 

7.  Detail    Top    Plan   View    of   Incinerator    83 

8.  The    Branch    Water    Grates     90 

9.  View  Showing  Tanks  and  Connections  of  the  Branch 

Garbage   Wagon   Washer   and    Disinfector 93 

10.  The    Branch   Wagon   Washer    and    Disinfector,    used 

by  the  City  of  St.   Louis 94 

11.  Animal  Wagon  used  by  the  City  of  St.  Louis 96 

12.  225-Foot  Stack,  Iron  Lined  with  Brick.     200-ton  In- 

cinerator       100 

13.  125-Foot     Brick    Stack    with    Dimensions.      50-100-ton 

Incinerator     101 

14.  One  Pipe  and  Two  Pipe  Heating  Systems 110 

15.  Back  Pressure  System,  Steam  Heating Ill 

16.  Webster   Vacuum   System 116 

17.  Sectional  Boiler  for  Heating    117 

18.  The    Branch    Steam    Trap    " 124 

19.  Radiator  for  Steam  Heating    126 

20.  Central   Station   Heating  Plant    127 

21.  Central  Station  Heating,  Two  Pipe  Insulation lt>5 

22.  Type   of   Electric    Generator    176 

23.  Series     wound,     Shunt     wound,     Compound     wound, 

Class  of  Electric  Generators    179 

24.  Winding    for    Separately    Excited    Dynamo 181 

25.  Cells    in    Parallel,    Cells    in    Series,    Connection    of 

Cells  and  Lights  in  Series  and  Parallel   .  185 


vi  LIST    OF   ILLUSTRATIONS 

Figure.  Page. 

26.  Two-Wire    System,    Three-Wire    System,    Alternating 

System,  'System    of   Connecting   Lights    18G 

27.  Shunt    Dynamos    in    Series    188 

28.  Shunt  Dynamos    in    Parallel    190 

29.  Series   Dynamos    in    Series    191 

30.  Series    Dynamos    in    Parallel    192 

31.  Type   of   a    Compound   Dynamo,    showing   Fields   and 

Armature    193 

32.  Compound   Dynamo   in    Parallel    194 

33.  Connection  o'i  Voltmeter  and  Ammeter    195 

34.  Incinerator   Euilding,   Brick   Enclosure   for  same....  206 

35.  Front  Elevation  of  Incinerator   Building    208 

36.  Cross  Section  of  Incinerator  Building,   Boiler  House 

and  Engine  Room    209 

37.  Forced   Draft   System,    with   Blower    214 

38.  Induced   Draft    System    215 

39.  Draft   Gauges    218 

40.  Type  of  Water  Tube  Boiler   224 

41.  The  Sterling  Water  Tune  Boiler,  the  Babcock  &  Wil- 

cox  Boiler    .  .  . 227 

42.  Setting    Plan    for    Horizontal    Tubular    Boilers    with 

full    front    229 

43.  Upright    Submerged    Tubular    Boiler    231 

11.      T\pe   OL  Internal   Furnace   Boiler    235 

45.  The  Springfield  Internal  Furnace  Boiler    237 

46.  Cornish  Boiler,  a  Type  of  an  English  Boiler 233 

47.  Type   of   Corliss   Engine    249 

48.  Type   of  Slide  Valve   Engine    251 

19.      Slide    Valve    Gear     254 

50.  Valves    and    Eccentric    255 

51.  Hamilton  Corliss  High  Speed  Engine    257 

52.  The    Harrisburg   Four  Valve   Eng.'ne    259 

515.      Type   of  Duplex   Pump    264 

54.  The  Cameron  Pump    266 

55.  Oil    Burner   Installation    268 

56.  The   Branch    Oil    Burner    .                                                      .  274 


LIST  OF  TABLES  vii 


LIST  OF  TABLES. 

Page. 

Boilers,  Water  Tube,  Average  Dimensions   of    234 

Bids  for   Installing   Incinerators   from    Leading   American 

Companies    66 

Central   Heating  Stations,   with   Reports   on   their   Opera- 
tion       128 

Central   Heating   Plant,   Cost   of   Operation    of    141 

Central  Heating  System,  Physical  Value  of  a  Two-Pipe  Hot 

Water  System   156 

Chimneys,  Height  and   Horse   Power  of    105 

Chimnevs,  Weights  with  Gauge  and  Prices  of 106 

Draft,   Relative  Cost  of  Chimney  and  Induced 222 

Draft,  Fan  Tests  with  English  Destructors 213 

Draft,  Mechanical,   Standard   Test  for  CO2   with    212 

Evaporation  Tests  with  English  Destructors 28 

Electric  TTnits  Generated  per  Ton  of  Refuse  Destroyed  in  24 

Hours 197 

Electric  Plant,  Cost  of  Operation    118 

Fuel,  Comparative  Value  of  Coal  as    271 

Fuel,  Value  of  Petroleum  as    272 

Fuel,  Value  of  Refuse  as    272 

Garbage  Kitchen,   Analysis  of    13 

Horse  Power  from  English  Destructors 27 

Insulating  12-inch  Main,  Cost  Per  Foot  for    154 

Insulating  and  Laving  Pipe  per  Foot  for  Central  Heating.  .  15G 
Lighting   Plant,    300   Arc   Lights,    150   K.    W.,    Cost   of  In- 
stalling and  Operating,  with  Cost  Per  Lamp  ....  201 

Light  and  Power  from  a  150-Ton  Incinerator,  with  Cost  of 

same     198 

Refuse  Disposal,  Cost  Per  Capita  of   2 

Refuse,  Analysis  of 12 

Refuse  Disposal  in   American   Cities    32 

Rochdale  Destructor  Tests    221 

Steam  Heating  Plant,  Cost  of  Operation  of 118 

Steam  Jets,  Tests  Showing  Percentage  of  CO2  with   212 

Traps,  Steam,  Sizes  and  Capacities  of    124 

Waste  Heat,  Utilization  by  Foreign  Incinerators  of  .  17 


HEAT    AND    LIGHT 

-FROM  - 


MUNICIPAL  O£SR  WASTE 


CHAPTER   I. 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 

The  first  consideration  with  all  municipalities  should 
be  the  safety  and  health  of  its  citizens,  and  next,  to  secure 
for  them  at  a  reasonable  cost  those  necessities  controlled 
by  public  grants. 

There  is  no  more  serious  menace  to  the  health  of  any 
community  than  its  refuse,  nor  a  greater  necessity  to  the 
comfort  and  welfare  of  its  citizens  than  plenty  of  heat 
and  light  at  a  moderate  cost. 

For  the  last  twenty-five  years  this  country,  like  all  other 
countries,  has  been  trying  to  meet  these  requirements  of 
its  citizens,  by  a  better  system  of  garbage  disposal,  and 
by  more  heat  and  light  at  less  cost. 

What  has  been  the  result  of  these  efforts,  I  have  at- 
tempted to  set  out  in  this  work,  without  bias,  and -with 
but  one  purpose  in  view,  that  of  calling  the  attention  of 
our  public  officials  and  engineers  to  the  success  that  has 
been  made  in  this  line  in  other  countries,  and  how  little 
success  has  been  made  by  us. 


2  HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Not  only  has  the  disposal  of  refuse  not  as  yet  been 
made  sanitary  in  this  country,  but  the  enormous  amount 
of  public  money  which  is  annually  spent  for  this  work, 
can  be  seen  by  a  comparison  of  the  cost  of  refuse  dis- 
posal per  capita  of  American  and  foreign  cities. 

While  the  cost  of  refuse  disposal  rarely  exceeds  1  cent 
per  capita  in  any  foreign  city,  it  cost  Philadelphia  for  the 
year  of  1903,  $514,875.00,  or  38  cents  per  capita;  Chi- 
cago $683,665,  or  37  cents  per  capita;  St.  Louis  $266,937,. 
or  44  cents  per  capita;  Boston  $651,000,  or  $1.09  per 
capita;  New  York  $78,144,  or  2  cents  per  capita. 

For  14  cities  with  a  population  above  300,000  the  aver- 
age cost  per  capita  is  28  cents.  The  average  of  23  cities 
between  100,000  and  300,000  population,  is  23  cents  per 
capita,  \vhile  the  average  of  41  cities,  between  50  and  100 
thousand  population  is  26  cents  per  capita. 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  that  New  York  City  alone 
compares  favorably  with  foreign  cities  in  cost  of  dis- 
posing of  its  refuse.  This  city  is  also  the  equal  of  any 
city  in  Europe  in  its  system  of  collecting  its  waste. 

The  reason  for  this  enormous  discrepancy  is  that  all 
refuse  in  foreign  cities  is  incinerated,  and  the  waste  heat 
therefrom  utilized  for  some  public  works,  such  as  electric 
lighting,  water  works,  sewerage  pumping  or  mortar  mills. 
With  the  single  exception  of  New  York  City,  which  has 
recently  installed  an  incinerating  plant  from  which  electric 
current  is  generated  for  the  surrounding  district,  there  is 
not  another  American  city  utilizing  this  waste  heat  in 
any  form. 

But,  far  more  valuable  than  for  any  purpose  that  this 
heat  has  yet  been  utilized,  is  its  future  value  to  the  modern 
central  heating  plants,  permitting  them  to  supply  heat  for 
large  districts  at  a  small  cost. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

The  system  of  central  heating  is  distinctly  of  American 
origin,  and  the  official  data  collected  by  me  from  those 
cities  in  which  such  systems  have  been  installed,  show 
the  general  satisfaction  that  they  are  giving  to  the  public. 

For  the  official  data  throughout  this  book,  I  am  in- 
debted to  the  public  officials  of  the  different  cities,  who  I 
found  not  only  willing  to  assist,  in  every  way  in  their 
power,  but  anxious  to  secure  any  information  which 
might  be  of  service  in  securing  for  their  cities  a  more 
satisfactory  and  economical  solution  of  these  problems. 

JOSEPH  G.  BRANCH. 
St.  Louis,  March,  1906. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  II. 


MUNICIPAL  AND  OTHER  WASTE. 

The  two  forms  of  waste  treated  in  this  work  include 
only  public  waste  in  the  form  of  refuse  matter,  and  the 
private  waste  of  exhaust  steam  from  the  power  plants 
of  citizens. 

While  both  these  forms  of  waste  possess  great  value, 
the  first,  or  the  waste  of  the  city's  refuse,  is  by  far  the 
most  important,  for  not  only  has  it  a  much  greater  value, 
but  is  the  source  of  constant  danger  to  the  health  of  every 
community. 

Its  value  consists  in  its  use  as  a  fuel  in  incinerating 
furnaces,  and  the  clinker  therefrom,  and  the  further  valu- 
able products  derived  by  the  reduction  of  its  ingredients 
for  grease  and  fertilizing  purposes.  Its  danger  lies  in  the 
noxious  odors  given  off  from  the  time  that  it  becomes 
a  refuse  or  waste  until  it  is  finally  incinerated  in  high 
temperature  furnaces,  or  reduced  by  proper  reduction 
methods. 

The  term  refuse  includes  all  garbage,  both  from  the 
kitchen  or  market,  dead  animals,  miscellaneous  refuse, 
street  sweepings,  and  "night  soil." 

As  the  proper  wording  of  contracts  for  disposal  of 
refuse  will  depend  not  only  upon  what  the  term  refuse 
includes,  but  upon  its  technical  subdivisions,  the  follow- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  5 

ing  definitions  will  be  of  service  not  only  in  drawing  con- 
tracts for  refuse  disposal,  but  for  city  ordinances,  which 
will  legally  cover  the  subject. 

By  the  term  "garbage"  is  meant  all  refuse  of  animal 
and  vegetable  matter  which  has  been  used  as  food  for 
man,  and  all  refuse  animal  and  vegetable  matter  which 
was  intended  to  be  so  used,  and  includes  food  condemned 
by  the  proper  public  officials. 

The  term  "dead  animals"  means  all  dead  animals  or 
parts  thereof,  not  intended  to  be  used  as  food  for  man. 
The  term  "night  soil"  means  the  contents  of  box  privies, 
except  such  as  are  established  by  contractors  for  tempo- 
rary construction  work,  and  human  fecal  matter  deposited 
on  streets,  alleys,  avenues,  roads  and  open  lots. 

The  term  "miscellaneous  refuse"  means  all  refuse  from 
places  of  residence  and  business  except  garbage,  dead 
animals,  night  soil  and  ashes.  Household  rubbish  does 
not  include  any  material  whatever  in  the  nature  of  loom 
or  sand,  wall  paper,  lumber,  bricks,  stone,  plaster,  or  other 
substance  that  may  accumulate  as  the  result  of  repairs  to 
yards  and  dwellings,  or  other  building  operations.  Ma- 
nure is  not  included  under  any  of  the  above  classes  of 
material. 

The  term  "ashes"  means  ashes  from  coal  and  other 
fuels,  including  such  mineral  substances  as  fallen  plaster- 
ing, etc.,  as  may  accumulate  in  connection  with  the  ordi- 
nary conduct  of  dwellings  and  places  of  business,  but  not 
such  as  may  accumulate  as  the  result  of  building  opera- 
tions. 

PRODUCTS  OF   INCINERATION. 

The  only  valuable  product  of  incineration  is  the  clinker, 
which  is  formed  from  the  organic  ingredients  of  the 
refuse  burned. 


6  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

The  vapors  and  gases  given  off  during  incineration, 
are  not  only  of  no  value  whatever,  but  injurious  to  health 
unless  completely  consumed  before  being  discharged  into 
the  atmosphere. 

EXHAUST  STEAM  WASTE. 

The  discharge  of  exhaust  steam  from  non-condensing 
engines  and  pumps,  is  the  source  of  constant  waste,  as 
steam  in  this  form  retains  a  great  number  of  heat  units. 

While  there  is  no  danger  to  health,  or  injury  other  than 
financial  in  its  waste,  if  it  cannot  be  utilized  by  the  plant 
itself  for  heating  purposes,  or,  used  again  as  condensation, 
it  should  be  sold  to  central  heating  plants  at  rates  which 
will  make  it  a  source  of  mutual  profit. 

VALUE  OF  REFUSE  AND  EXHAUST  STEAM. 

The  value  of  refuse  and  its  products,  and  that  of  ex- 
haust steam  for  our  many  modern  requirements,  will 
be  gone  fully  into  by  me  in  the  succeeding  chapters,  with 
the  hope  that  it  will  call  public  attention  to  the  rich  com- 
mercial field  hardly  as  yet  entered  by  capital,  and  by  so 
doing  afford  luxuries  to  many  which  are  now  enjoyed  by 
but  a  few. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  III. 


INCINERATION  AND  REDUCTION. 

Both  the  incinerating  and  reduction  methods  of  refuse 
disposal  have  been  on  trial  in  this  country  for  the  last 
twenty  years,  and  both  methods  to  a  large  extent  have 
proved  failures.  This  is  not  due  to  any  defects  in  the 
methods  themselves,  but  alone  due  to  the  gross  ignorance 
displayed  in  their  application  and  operation.  To  attempt 
the  incineration  of  refuse  in  a  low  temperature  furnace 
is  as  absurd  as  to  expect  any  method  of  garbage  reduc- 
tion to  be  a  success,  without  requiring  the  proper  sorting 
of  all  waste  by  the  householder,  and  the  hauling  to  the 
reduction  works  of  only  such  refuse  as  is  capable  of  sani- 
tary and  economical  reduction. 

But  it  must  be  admitted  that  irrespective  of  what 
method  of  reduction  is  adopted  or  how  carefully  the  re- 
fuse may  be  sorted,  that  reduction  works  have  always 
been,  and  will  continue  to  be,  a  nuisance  in  any  neigh- 
borhood in  which  they  are  located.  The  very  character 
of  the  refuse  which  must  be  delivered  to  the  works  for 
reduction,  being  dead  animals  and  kitchen  and  market 
garbage,  must  make  it  such,  even  with  the  most  recent 
improved  methods  of  destroying  the  noxious  odors  by 
passing  them  over  live  coals,  or  through  high  tempera- 
ture furnaces. 

But  as  such  refuse  has  a  greater  value  for  the  produc- 
tion of  grease  or  a  fertilizer,  than  it  has  as  a  fuel,  it  should 


8  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

be  sold,  or  properly  reduced,  and  not  destroyed  by  inciner- 
ation. It  is  for  this  reason  that  at  least  one  reduction 
plant  should  be  operated  by  the  city,  but  located  without 
the  city  limits,  or,  in  a  locality  where  it  cannot  cause 
complaint.  As  only  23  per  cent  of  the  refuse  can  be  so 
reduced,  the  remaining  77  per  cent  of  the  refuse  should 
be  incinerated  at  plants  conveniently  located  in  different 
sections  of  the  city. 

When  dead  animals  and  kitchen  garbage  is  reduced  by 
private  companies,  as  is  now  done  in  most  cities,  it  is  not 
only  a  source  of  constant  complaint,  but  of  injury  to  the 
health  of  all  the  citizens  within  its  locality. 

Unless  incinerating  plants  can  be  made  self-supporting, 
companies  operating  reduction  works  will  continue  to 
offer  to  municipalities  the  seemingly  more  advantageous 
offer  of  reducing  all  the  refuse  for  a  term  of  years  at 
no  expense  to  the  city,  but  such  offers  always  carry  a 
provision  that  the  city  must  deliver  all  refuse  to  their 
reduction  works. 

Public  officials  deem  it  necessary  to  protect  themselves 
by  favoring  any  proposition  which  seemingly  gives  the 
city  something  for  nothing.  In  fact,  ordinances  in  most 
cities  require  that  all  contracts  above  a  small  amount  shall 
be  awarded  to  the  lowest  bidder,  regardless  of  merit,  or 
the  ultimate  cost  or  damages  which  may  result.  So  long 
as  such  laws  remain  in  force,  just  so  long  will  American 
cities  continue  to  be  defrauded,  and  all  public  works  be 
botched  and  retarded.  While  it  is  possible  for  proposi- 
tions to  be  made  in  all  fairness  to  reduce  all  refuse  at  a 
lower  cost  than  can  be  offered  by  incinerating  companies, 
the  actual  cost  to  the  city  can  never  be  as  small,  for  the 
reason  that  the  length  of  the  haul  necessary  to  reach  the 
reduction  works  can  never  be  one-half  as  short  as  that 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

to  the  incinerating  plant.  As  the  cost  of  collection  con- 
stitutes about  70  per  cent  of  the  total  cost,  the  cost  of 
disposal  necessarily  becomes  secondary  to  the  cost  of  col- 
lection. A  reduction  plant  has  always  been  and  will 
always  be  a  source  of  complaint  in  any  neghborhood,  and 
must  therefore  be  removed  to  a  locality  distant  from  the 
city,  thereby  requiring  a  long  haul  to  it.  As  a  garbage 
wagon  collects  not  more  than  \]/2  tons  of  refuse  on  a 
trip,  and  as  only,  one  trip  can  probably  be  made  each  day 
from  certain  sections  of  the  city  to  the  reduction  works, 
.  allowing  $3.00  a  day  for  a  team,  the  great  cost  of  collec- 
tion, where  reduction  is  employed,  can  be  seen.  While 
under  the  contract,  the  disposal  would  cost  nothing,  its 
collection  would  cost  $2.00  per  ton. 

On  the  contrary,  an  incinerating  plant,  or  plants,  being 
located  in  convenient  sections  of  the  city,  would  permit 
the  wagon  to  make  six  or  eight  trips  per  day,  thereby 
reducing  the  cost  of  collection  to  not  more  than  35  cents 
per  ton. 

No  reduction  method  will  ever  be  devised  which  will 
enable  a  company  or  city  to  make  a  profit  out  of  the 
refuse  alone,  for  the  analysis  of  the  refuse  of  different 
cities  shows  that  it  cannot  be  of  sufficient  value  to  pay 
more  than  the  expense  of  extracting  those  ingredients 
which  have  any  value.  Such  companies  must  therefore 
rely  upon  a  bonus  paid  by  the  city  for  their  profit. 

It  is  equally  as  true  no  incinerating  plant  can  ever  be 
made  a  financial  success  without  utilizing  the  waste  heat 
for  some  useful  and  profitable  work. 

There  is  hardly  a  civilized  country  on  the  globe,  except 
America,  which  has  not  incinerating  plants  in  successful 
operation,  but  they  all  utilize  the  waste  heat  for  supplying 
light  and  power,  and  in  this  way  succeed  in  disposing  of 


10  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

their    refuse   in   both  a   sanitary    and    economical   way. 

Our  country  alone  is  just  beginning  to  realize  that  there 
is  nothing  which  affects  the  health  of  a  community  more 
than  the  sanitary  disposal  of  its  refuse,  and  that  to  do 
this,  incinerating  plants  must  be  installed  by  competent 
engineers,  and  not  by  those  whose  only  interest  is  a  per- 
sonal  one.  Incinerators  of  approved  design  must  be  in- 
stalled by  sanitary  engineers  who  have  made  the  subject 
not  a  study  of  a  few  months,  but  of  many  years. 

The  187  incinerators  in  successful  operation  in  Great 
Britain  were  built  by  high-class  engineers,  while  not  one 
of  the  hundred  of  failures  in  this  country  were  designed 
or  installed  by  an  engineer  of  more  than  local  reputation 
with  the  one  notable  exception  of  W.  F.  Morse,  whose 
ability  as  a  sanitary  engineer  is  universally  recognized. 

The  following  report  made  by  me  contains  the  result 
of  my  investigation  of  this  most  important  subject  to  all 
citizens  alike : 

REPORT. 

Honorable  Sanitary  Committee,  City  Council,  St.  Louis. 

GENTLEMAN  : — I  respectfully  submit  for  your  consid- 
eration the  following  official  statistics  collected  by  me  of 
garbage  and  refuse  disposal  in  the  different  cities  of  this 
country  and  Europe  and  Asia,  together  with  a  com- 
parison of  the  reduction  and  incineration  methods,  both 
as  to  their  sanitation  and  cost.  It  is  admitted  by  all  en- 
gineers, that  England  is  at  least  fifty  years  in  advance  of 
this  country  both  in  the  collection  and  the  disposal  of  its 
garbage  and  refuse.  It  is  further  admitted  that  until 
recently  both  the  reduction  and  incineration  methods 
were  in  an  experimental  stage  in  this  country.  It  was 
only  after  the  reduction  method  had  been  tried  and  failed 


AND  LIGHT.  11 

in  England,  was  incineration  adopted  there,  and  to-day 
there  is  not  one  municipal  reduction  plant  in  England,  so 
far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain,  while  there  are  143 
municipal  incinerating  plants  in  successful  operation,  120 
of  which  plants  supply,  without  extra  cost,  their  different 
cities  with  electric  lights,  or  power  for  their  street  rail- 
ways, water  works,  or  sewerage  systems.  In  addition 
to  the  above  number  of  incinerating  plants  in  England 
alone,  the  three  principal  cities  of  Scotland,  and  the  eight 
large  cities  of  Ireland,  dispose  of  their  entire  refuse  by 
incineration.  There  is  not  a  large  city  in  Europe,  South 
America,  Africa,  India,  or  Australia,  which  does  not  do 
likewise,  and  in  every  one  of  these  different  cities  and 
countries  the  waste  heat  from  the  incinerating  furnaces  is 
utilized  for  municipal  purposes  of  some  description, 
usually  for  electric  lighting,  pumping  or  mortar  mills. 
Owing  to  the  prevalence  of  cholera  in  the  far  Eastern 
countries,  the  question  of  the  collection  and  disposal  of 
garbage  wras  given  for  years  their  most  careful  consid- 
eration, and  the  incinerating  method  finally  adopted.  Both 
Calcutta  and  Bombay,  India,  employ  incineration  for 
the  disposal  of  their  garbage  with  perfect  satisfaction, 
as  well  as  Singapore,  and  even  Shanghai,  China,  has  an 
incinerator  now  under  course  of  construction.  The  adop- 
tion of  incineration  for  garbage  disposal  throughout  the 
world  can  be  seen  from  the  appended  list  prepared  by  me. 
It  will  be  further  seen  from  the  official  data  collected 
by  me,  and  which  is  also  appended  to  this  report,  that 
the  average  cost  per  ton  for  disposal  of  the  refuse  in  the 
English  cities  herein  named  is  26  cents,  and  in  only  six 
of  these  cities  does  the  cost  of  disposal  exceed  40  cents 
per  ton.  In  Vienna,  where  the  system  of  garbage  reduc- 
tion or  utilization  originated,  it  is  not  at  present  used, 


12  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

and  I  can  ascertain  no  city  in  Europe  which  is  at  present 
using  the  reduction  method. 

Official  reports  show  conclusively,  that  the  reduction 
process  has  been  a  failure  in  every  city  in  this  country 
which  has  tried  same,  and  especially  so  in  Denver,  St. 
Paul,  Buffalo,  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Detroit,  New  Bed- 
ford, Reading,  Pittsburg,  Syracuse,  Paterson  and  New 
Orleans. 

There  is  but  one  municipal  reduction  plant  in  operation 
in  this  country,  being  the  one  at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  and  as 
to  what  success  this  city  is  having,  it  is  sufficient  to  say 
that  her  sister  city,  Columbus,  Ohio,  is  now  having  esti- 
mates prepared  for  an  incinerating  plant,  after  having 
tried  the  reduction  method. 

It  has  been  repeatedly  stated  that  the  success  of  incin- 
eration in  England  and  foreign  countries  was  no  criterion 
for  American  cities,  as  the  composition  of  the  refuse  of 
this  country  is  entirely  different,  it  being  more  moist,  and 
not  having  the  same  calorifc  value.  THIS  IS  INCOR- 
RECT. Official  analysis  shows  but  little  difference 
where  the  WHOLE  refuse  is  collected,  which  includes  all 
ashes,  street  sweepings  and  combustible  waste,  as  is  clone 
in  England  and  in  other  foreign  countries.  The  refuse 
of  the  average  American  cities  is  of  the  following  com- 
position : 

By  Weight.  By  Volume. 

Garbage   13  per  cent  18  per  cent 

Ashes   . . 80  per  cent  57  per  cent 

Rubbish    7  per  cent  25  per  cent 

100  per  cent       100  per  cent 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


13 


Ordinary  kitchen  garbage  consists  approximately  of  : 

By  Weight. 

Animal  and  vegetable 20  per  cent 

Rubbish,  cans,  rags,  etc 7  per  cent 

Grease    3  per  cent 

Water  70  per  cent 


100  per  cent 

To  cook  the  raw  garbage  and  separate  it  into  the  four 
ingredients,  i.  e.,  rubbish,  water,  grease  and  fertilizer 
material,  is  the  object  .of  all  reduction  systems.  The 
rubbish  itself,  being  tin  cans,  rags,  etc.,  has  scarcely 
enough  value  to  repay  its  separation,  while  the  water  has 
no  value  at  all.  These  two  ingredients. compose  77  per 
cent  of  all  garbage,  and  the  expense  of  their  separation 
constitutes  the  chief  expense  of  all  reduction  plants.  The 
remaining  23  per  cent  is  of  value,  and  should  not  be  de- 
stroyed without  some  financial  return,  but  it  is  equally  as 
true  that  the  high  temperature  necessary  for  the  com- 
plete incineration  of  refuse  should  not  be  wasted  up  the 
stack,  but  utilized  for  power  or  heating  purposes.  This  is 
apparent  from  repeated  demonstrations  that  the  waste 
heat  from  a  150-ton  incinerator  will  develop  1,200  horse- 
power, the  equivalent  of  895  kilowatts  of  electric  cur- 
rent, and  smaller  incinerators  in  like  proportions.  The 
loss  from  the  failure  to  utilize  this  power  would  be  greater 
than  the  loss  from  attempting  to  reduce  the  entire  city 
refuse.  The  clinker  which  is  left  as  a  residuum  forms  30 
per  cent  of  all  the  garbage  and  refuse  incinerated,  and  this 
by-product  has  a  ready  sale  and  is  especially  valuable  for 
street  and  paving  purposes.  The  city  of  Memphis,  Tenn., 


14  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

has  twenty  miles  of  her  streets  made  from  this  clinker. 
It  makes  a  high-grade  mortar,  and  is  otherwise  exten- 
sively used. 

Should  this  city  collect  all  its  refuse,  including  its 
ashes  and  combustible  waste,  as  can  be  done  by  ordinance, 
there  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  but  incineration  will  be  a 
complete  success,  the  same  as  in  all  the  above-named 
cities,  and  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  15  cents  per  ton  for  its 
disposal,  provided  the  waste  heat  is  utilized.  But,  to 
attempt  incineration  without  making  use  of  the  ashes, 
which  contain  at  least  20  per  cent  of  coal,  and  conse- 
quently of  a  high  calorific  value,  and  the  further  use 
of  all  combustible  waste,  consisting  of  street  sweepings, 
boxes,  etc.,  will  render  the  cost  excessive,  and,  indeed, 
prohibitive,  if  the  waste  heat  is  not  utilized.  The  per 
cent  of  coal  in  the  ashes  in  this  country  is  much  greater 
than  in  foreign  countries,  making  such  waste  more  than 
ordinarily  valuable. 

It  has  been  clearly  shown  that  where  incineration  failed 
in  this  country,  that  it  was  due  to  improperly  constructed 
furnaces,  and  attempting  to  burn  the  wet  garbage  alone, 
without  the  aid  of  the  combustible  refuse.  This  is  as 
great  a  mistake  as  to  employ  the  reduction  method,  with- 
out requiring  a  sorting  of  all  refuse  by  the  householder. 
As  only  23  per  cent  of  the  refuse  of  a  city  is  capable  of 
reduction,  it  leaves  the  remaining  77  per  cent  to  be  dis- 
posed of  by  incineration.  Whether  the  city  can  best  dis- 
pose of  this  23  per  cent  by  selling  the  same  outright,  as 
it  is  partially  now  doing,  or  by  reducing  it  at  its  own 
municipal  plant,  or  by  incinerating  it  with  the  other 
refuse,  is  a  question  for  the  decision  of  your  Honorable 
Committee.  Should  the  incinerating  method  be  adopted, 
either  in  part  or  for  the  entire  refuse  of  the  city,  no 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  15 

incinerator  should  be  accepted,  in  my  opinion,  which  does 
not  provide  for  the  utilization  of  the  waste  heat  under 
boilers,  should,  at  any  time,  it  be  desired  to  use  same,  and 
I  base  my  opinion  upon  the  fact  that  of  the  184  incinerat- 
ing plants  in  successful  operation,  that  there  is  not  one 
which  DOES  NOT  UTILIZE  THE  WASTE  HEAT  in 
this  manner.  I  know  of  no  method  other  than  the  use  of 
boilers,  separate  and  distinct  from  the  incinerator,  which 
is  either  practical,  or  will  develop  more  power  than  is 
merely  necessary  for  the  operation  of  the  incinerator  itself. 
For  such  power  purposes  the  use  of  water-jacketed  fur- 
naces is  impractical,  while  the  use  of  an  auxiliary  fur- 
nace, as  a  stench  destroyer,  renders  the  use  of  boilers  for 
such  purposes  impossible,  and  is  also  antiquated.  I  know 
of  only  three  plants,  out  of  the  above  number  of  184 
plants,  employing  such  a  stench  destroyer,  it  being  entirely 
unnecessary  in  a  properly  built  furnace. 

As  the  cost  of  collecting  the  garbage  and  refuse  con- 
stitutes 70  per  cent  of  the  total  cost,  there  should  be  at 
least  four  incinerators  located  in  different  sections  of  the 
city,  or  three  incinerators  and  one  reduction  plant  for  the 
animal  and  grease  matter  alone,  thereby  reducing  as  far 
as  possible  the  length  of  the  haul.  At  present  some  of 
the  wagons  are  able  to  make  only  two  trips  a  day,  and 
several  only  one  trip.  As  the  city  at  present  is  paying 
about  $40,000  annually  for  its  lighting,  in  addition  to 
the  expense  of  its  own  municipal  plants,  I  would  advise 
the  saving  of  this  by  having  built  properly  constructed 
furnaces,  and  utilizing  the  waste  heat  therefrom  for 
boiler  power. 


16  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  IV. 


BRITISH  AND  FOREIGN  DESTRUCTORS  AND 
INCINERATORS. 

As  it  was  in  England  that  the  incinerator  was  first  made 
a  complete  success,  it  is  to  the  English  incinerator  or 
destructor,  as  it  is  there  called,  that  we  should  look  for 
information  and  reasons  for  our  numerous  failures. 

The  first  successful  English  incinerator  was  erected  in 
1876,  at  Manchester,  by  Mr.  Alfred  Fryer,  and  during 
the  thirty  years  intervening,  this  incinerator  has  been  in 
daily  use  and  giving  such  perfect  satisfaction,  that  there 
is  hardly  a  town  or  city  in  England,  Scotland  or  Ireland 
that  has  not  now  in  successful  operation,  or  in  course  of 
erection,  some  type  of  an  incinerator  patterned  after  this 
one. 

In  1886,  only  ten  years  after  the  installation  of  the 
Fryer  iffcinerator,  the  Engle  incinerator  was  installed  in 
this  country,  and  yet  today  incineration  here  is  not  as 
far  advanced  as  it  was  thirty  years  ago  in  England. 
We  are  still  working  with  low  temperature  furnaces, 
using  natural  draft  and  operating  the  plant  with  cheap 
labor,  all  of  which  was  discarded  as  improper  by  English 
engineers  at  least  fifteen  years  ago.  The  success  of  incin- 
eration in  England  is  due  largely  to  the  high  class  of  the 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  17 

engineers  who  have  devoted  their  time  and  talents  to  what 
has  long  been  recognized  the  world  over  as  a  problem 
requiring  the  highest  class  of  engineering  skill  for  its 
solution. 

The  designor  of  the  modern  incinerating  plant  must 
not  only  be  a  competent  sanitary  and  mechanical  engineer, 
but  an  electric  and  steam  engineer  as  well. 

The  trouble  with  us  has  been,  not  that  we  have  no  com- 
petent engineers,  but  that  they  have  not  been  called  upon 
by  our  cities  for  this  class  of  work. 

Following  the  successful  test  of  the  Fryer  incinerator 
at  Manchester,  other  successful  types  were  rapidly  pro- 
duced, and  at  present  there  are  a  dozen  high-class  com- 
panies installing  and  remodeling  incinerators  throughout 
the  British  islands. 

Among  the  leading  types  of  British  incinerators  which 
are  now  in  successful  operation,  are  the  Beaman  &  Deas, 
the  Fryer,  the  Heenan,  the  Horsfall,  the  Meldrum  and 
the  Warner. 

The  following  list  of  English  and  foreign  cities  employ- 
ing incineration  for  the  disposal  of  all  refuse,  with  the 
purposes  for  which  the  waste  heat  therefrom  is  utilized, 
was  compiled  by  me  from  the  official  data  given  in  that 
most  thorough  English  work  of  W.  F.  Goodrich  on 
"Refuse  Disposal  and  Power  Production." 

MUNICIPAL     INCINERATORS 

for 
GARBAGE    DISPOSAL    AND    POWER    PRODUCTION. 

ENGLAND. 

Daily      Cost 
City.  Population  Tons,     per  ton.     Power  Purposes. 

Accrington    43,122       60         31      cts.Electric   Lighting. 

Aldershot   14,248      11        25      "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

3 


18 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


Daily 

City.  Population  Tons. 

Ashton-imder-Lyne..    43,890       30 
Aston    .  .   77,310       75 


Bangor   11,770         9% 

Barry    27,000       25 

Bath    49,821       45 

Beckenham  :   26,000       24 

Batley    30,321       15 

Birkenhead    .  ..111,102  180 


Birmingham    522,204     400 


Blackburn    129,216     130 


Blackpool     50,330  .  . . 

Bolton    171,082  ... 

Bootle    58,566  ... 

Bournemouth    47,000  30 

Bradford    279,767  240 

Brentford                    .   15,613  14 


Cost 

per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 
23    cts.  Electric  Traction. 
22       "        Two   Installations. 

Mortar  Mills  and 

Clinker  Crusher 

and  Lighting. 
32       "    Electric   Lighting. 
28       "    Mortar  Mills. 
27       "        Mortar    Mills 

and  Crusher. 
42       "    Electric  Lighting. 
30       "    Electric  Lighting. 
21       "        Two  Installations. 

Mortar  Mills. 

90    tons    each. 

19  "        Four  Installations. 

Mortar  Mills,  Work 
Shop,  Machinery  and 
Electric    Lighting. 

21       "        Four  Installations. 
(1)  40-ton   Mortar 
Mills;    (2)    15  ton 
Work  Shop;    (3)    30- 
ton  Gas  Works;    (4) 
45-ton  Water  Pump'g 

30%  "        Four   Installations. 
Electric  Lighting. 

20  "        Four   Installations. 

Mortar  Mills  and 
Sewerage  Pumping. 

22%  "        Mortar  Mills  and 
Crusher. 

18        '    No   power   available. 

18  Four  Installations. 

Electric   Lighting 
and  Works  Purposes 
"        Sewerage  Pumping 
and    Lighting. 


AND  LIGHT. 


19 


Daily      Cost 

City.  Population.  Tons,     per  ton.     Power  Purposes. 

Brighton    ...........  124,539       72         31     cts.  Mortar  Mills. 

Bristol    ............  328,842     108         22%"    Mortar  Mills. 

Burnley    ...........  97,044       70         .  .       "        Two  Installations. 

Electric  Lighting, 

Fan  Engine  only. 
Burstem    ...........   38,766       25         29       "        Two  Installations. 

Burton-onTrent  .....    50,386       45         32       "    Works  Purposes    and 

Water  Pumping. 
Bury    ..............   58,028     ...         23       "        Two   Installations. 

Buxton    ............  10,181       12         22       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Cambridge    .........   38,398       35         27       "    No   power   available. 

Canterbury    ........   24,868       20         26       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Cheltenham    .......   49,439       40         15       "    Electric  Lighting. 

Chesterfield    ........   27,185       25         15       "    Mortar  Mills. 

Cleckheaton    .......   15,250       12         .  .    •        Sewerage  Pumping. 

Colne    ............     23,000       18         21       "    Electric  Traction. 

Croydon    ...........  137,000     .....  Electric  Lighting. 

Three  Incinerators 

in    course    of    con- 

struction. 
Dartford    ...........   18,643       20         ..  Electric    Lighting 

and   Pumping. 
Darwen   ............  40,000       35         24       "        Electric  Traction 

and    Lighting. 
Derby    .....  .  .......  113,863     .....  Two  Installations. 

Dewsbury    .........   28,060       28         28       "    Mortar    Mills. 

Ealing   ........  .....   33,040     .....  79-H.P.  Sewerage 

Pumping  and  Sludge 
Eastbourne   ........  43,337       35         .  .  Natural   draft, 

3  B  &  W  boilers. 
Eastham    ..........  100,000     .....  Sewerage    Pump'g. 

Experimental   Power 

Plant. 
.  Sewerage  pumping 

and  Clinker  Crushers 
.  Electric   Lighting  . 

.  Just   completed. 


Eccles    ............  34,369       30 


Elland    ............  .  10,412 

Epson    ............  .  10,915 


10 
10 


20 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


Daily     Cost 

City.                   Population  Tons,    per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 
Fleetwood    12,082      12         ..     cts.  In  course  of  erection 

Electric   Lighting. 

200-h.p.  600  amp.  hrs. 

Folkstone    30,G90     ...          . .  In  course  of  erection 

Garston,  Electric  Traction. 

(City  of  Liverpool) .   18,710       25         . .  140-h.p.  400  amp.  hrs. 

Glancester    47,955       25         20       "    Electric   Lighting. 

Gosport   28,887     ...          . .  In  course  of  erection 

Gorton    28,000     ...          . .  In  course  of  erection 

Grantham    17,598 No   data. 

Grays    15,834         8         20       "    Electric  Lighting. 

Grovesend   27,196       25         . .  Electric   Lighting. 

Great    Grinsley 63,318       30         ..  Mortar   Mills  and 

Electric   Lighting. 

Great  Yarmouth 51,250       78         ..  Natural  Draft. 

Handsworth    52,921       50         21       "    Fans   only. 

Henley   61,599       60         . .  Electric  Works. 

Hartle  Pool 22,737       20         ..  Fan  Engine  only. 

Hastings    65,528       36         38       "    Pumping  Salt  Water 

Heckmondwike    ....  11,000     ...         24       "        Two    Installations. 

Works  Purposes  only 

Hereford    21,328       10         18       "    Sewerage  Pumping 

Heywood    25,461       25         . .  Sewerage  Pumping 

Holyhead  10,079       10         . .  Electric  Light,  not 

complete. 
Hornsbury    6,736         6         ..  Sewerage  Pumping 

Not   complete. 
Hornsey    77,938       75         18       "        Mortar  Mills, 

Clinker  Crusher. 
Huddersfield    95,047       70         ..  Two  Installations. 

(1)   50  ton  Works 

Purposes.    (2)   20-ton 

Sewerage   Pump. 
Hall    240,739     135         30       "        Two  Installations. 

(1)   45-ton  Works 

Purposes.    (2)    20-ton 

Lighting. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


21 


Daily     Cost 
City.  Population  Tons,    per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 

Hunstanton 1,893         SVs     24     cts.  Water  Pumping. 

(Smallest  known  Produces  sufficient 

power  installation)  steam  to  operate 

modern  pumping  pit. 

Hyde    32,766       30         28       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Ipswick   66,630       40         ..  Electric  Lighting. 

Kettering   300,000       30         . .  Electric  Lighting. 

Kingston    34,375       30         . .  Work  Purposes  only. 

Not  yet  in  operation. 

Lancaster    40,329       30         32       "    Electric  Traction. 

Leamington    26,888       25         ..  Sewerage  Pumping. 

Lee'ds    428,968     ...         21       "        Four   Installations. 

Works  Purposes. 
Leecester 211,581     180         17       "        Four   Installations. 

Works  Purposes. 

Mortar  Mills. 
Levensulme    11,435     ...          . .  Now  in  course  of 

Construction. 
Liverpool 710,737 Four   Installations. 

(1)  Mortar  Mills  and 
Works   Purposes. 

(2)  Works  Purposes. 

(3)  Works  Purposes. 

(4)  Elec.  Lighting. 

Liversodge    13,980       13         . .  Works  Purposes. 

Llandudno 9,310       15         31       "    Electric  Lighting. 

Longton    35,815       70         44       "    Works  Purposes. 

Two  Installations. 

Lowesroft    29,850       28         23       "    Mortar  Mills. 

Loughborough    21,508      40        28      "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Two  Installations. 

Luytham    7,185      10        16      "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Manchester    543,872     ...          ..  Mortar  Mills  and 

Works  Purposes. 

Mansfield    21,445       21         ..  Electric  Lighting. 

Mexborough    10,430       20         22       "    Electric  Lighting. 


22 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


Daily      Cost 
City.  Population.  Tons,     per  ton.     Power  Purposes. 

Morecambe   11,798       11         25   cts.       Mortar  Mills  and 

Electric  Lighting. 

Moss  Side   26,677       26         16       "        Mortar  Mills, 

Works   Purposes. 

Nelson    32,816       30         24       "    Electric  Traction. 

Newcastle    215,328     150         17       "        Two  Installations. 

No   power   available. 

Newmarket    10,686         9         22       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Northampton    87,021       80         . .  Electric  Traction. 

Nottingham 239,753     ...          ..  Three  Installations 

Electricity. 

Nuniation   15,246       15         20       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Oldham   137,238     120         57       "        (1)   Works   Pur- 
poses;   (2)   Clinker 
Crusher,  Mortar 
Mills.  (3)  Public 
Baths  and  Wash- 
houses. 

Padiham   12,005       12         44       "        Works,  Power  and 

Electric   Purposes. 

Pantypridd    ........   32,319     ...          . .  Power  and  Elec. 

Purposes. 

Plymouth    107,509     100         ..  Three  Installations 

(1),  (2),  no  'data. 
25       "    (3)  Elec.  Traction. 

Preston   112,989     108         23       "    Three  Installations. 

Radcliff  25,368       26         20       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Ramsgate  27,686       26         . .  Works  Purposes. 

Rawtenstall   31,053      28         ..  Works  Purposes. 

Rhyl  8,473       16         32       "    Electric  Lighting. 

Rochdale   83,114       40         15       "    Works  Purposes. 

Rhonda 117,000      16        62       "    No  power  available. 

Rotherham  54,348       40         25       "    Works  Purposes. 

Royton    14,881       20         19       "    Works  Purposes. 

St.  Annes-on-Sea . . . .     6,807         6         32       "    Works  Lighting. 

St.   Helens 87,385       32         28       "    Electric  Traction. 

St.   Heliers 15         . .  Forced  Draught. 


AND  LIGHT. 


23 


Daily     Cost 

City.                   Population  Tons,    per  ton.     Power  Purposes. 
Salford  220,957     ...          ..    cts.      Five    Installations. 

No.  data  1,  2,  3,  &  4. 

(5)  Works  Purposes. 

Salisbury  17,117       16         30       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Shierness 14,492       10         24       "    Water  Pumping. 

Sheffield 410,991     200         46       "        Two  Installations. 

Works  Purposes. 
Shipley 26,000       25         21       "        Electric    Light, 

Sewerage. 

Smethwick  54,537       55         ..  Not    yet    decided. 

Southampton    107,833       70         59       "        Two  Installations. 

Sewerage  Pumping. 

Southport    48,083       40         28       "    Gas  Works. 

Southwold   2,800         2         . .  No  power  available. 

Stafford    20,894       20         32       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Stockton  on-Tees 51,478       20         18       "    Mortar  Mills. 

Stoke-onTrent 30,800       30         ..  Electric    Lighting. 

Stowbridge   16,302 No    data. 

Stretford    30,436       18         32       "    Works  Purposes. 

Sudbury  7,109         5         . .  Sewerage  Purposes. 

Swansea   94,615 No  data. 

Taunton   21,078       20         . .  Sewerage  Pumping. 

Taequay    33,625       25         19       "    Works  Purposes. 

Tottenham   106,800       80         . .  Electric  Lighting. 

Wakefield    51,544       40         ..  Two  Installations. 

Electric  Lighting, 

Sewerage  Pumping. 

Wallasey   55,000      40        22      "    No  power  available. 

Walker-onTyne 13,335       30         14       "    Works  Purposes. 

Watford   29,023      40         . .  Sewerage  Pumping. 

Warrington 64,242       64         55       "        Two  Installations. 

(1)  Elec.  Lighting. 

(2)  Sanitary  Manure 
Works. 

Wellingborough    ....  18,142       12         ..  Electricity. 

Wess  Bridgeford 7,018        7         ..  Sewerage  Pumping. 


24 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


Daily 

City.                    Population  Tons. 
West  Hartlepool 62,627       60 


Cost 

per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 
21     cts.     Electric  Light  and 
Works   Purposes. 
Two  Installations. 

Weymouth   19,831       16         ..  Sewerage  Pumping. 

Wimbledon   45,000       54         40       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Winchester   20,919       19         20       "    No  data. 

Withington    36,032       36         16       "    Sewerage  Pumping. 

Wolverhampton 94,187     ...          ..  Works  Purposes. 

Worthing 22,617     ...          . .  No  data. 

Wrexham    14,966       35         ..  Electric  Lighting. 

York   77,914 Works  Purposes. 

SCOTLAND  AND  IRELAND. 

Ayr    28,697       30         . .  Electric  Lighting. 

Edinburgh    316,793       60         59       "    Forced  Draught. 

Glasgow  781,000     400         ..  Six  Installations. 

No  data  1,  2,  3. 

(4)  Works  Purposes. 

(5)  Forced  Draught. 

(6)  Works  Purposes. 

Gourock  5,261         5         20       "    Fan  Engine. 

Govan 82,174       80         24       "    Works  Purposes. 

Paisley  79,363       62         19       "        Mortar  Mills,  Two 

Forced  Draught. 

Partick 54,298       42         39       "    Electric  Lighting. 

Port  Glasgow 16,857      25         ..  Not  yet   determined. 

Belfast   348,965     100         18       "    Fan  Engine. 

Dublin   265,000       25         19       "    Mortar  Mill,  12-h.p. 

Pembroke    25,524       12         23       "    Electric  Lighting. 


CANADA. 


Montreal    . 


267,516 


No  data. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


SOUTH  AMERICA. 


25 


Daily  Cost 

City.  Population  Tons,  per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 

Bahia    . .     cts.  No  data. 

Buenos  Ayres    ..  No  data. 

(Argentine) 

Georgetown   ..  No  data. 

(British  Guinea) 

Manaos    . .  No  data. 

(State  of  Amazonas) 

Para   (Brazil) No  data. 

Pernambucco   26  ..  Mortar  Mills. 

(Brazil) 

Peru    . .  No  data. 

BELGIUM. 
Brussels . .  Work   Purposes. 

DENMARK. 

Copenhagen ..  Lighting  Purposes. 

Gibraltar    15 

GERMANY. 

Berlin . .  No  data. 

Hamburg  30         ..  Forced  Draught. 

Monaco   30         ..  Forced  Draught. 

FRANCE. 
Paris    No  data. 

SWITZERLAND. 
Zurich   . .  Electric  Power. 

The  incinerating  plant  recently  installed  in  this  city  contains 
two  boilers  supplying  steam  at  high  pressure.  Forced  draft  is 
used.  The  refuse  contains  from  30  to  40  per  cent  incombustibles. 


26 


HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 


SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Daily  Cost 

City.                   Population  Tons,  per  ton.      Power  Purposes. 

Durban   (Natal) ..    cts.  No  data. 

Bloemfontein . .            No  data. 

(Orange  River  Colony) 

East  London . .            No  data. 

(Natal) 

Johannesburg 120  . .            No  data. 

(Transvaal) 

AUSTRALIA. 

Melbourne    (South)    ..  No  data. 

Melbourne    . .  No  data. 

(Victoria) 
Toowoomba No  data. 

(Queensland) 
Sydney . .  No  data. 

(New  South  Wales) 
Ammandale  &  Leichard . .  No   data. 

(Sidney) 

(New  South  Wales) 

NEW   ZEALAND. 

Christchurch    ..  Electric  Lighting. 

Wellington . .  No  data. 

INDIA. 

Calcutta    . .  No  data. 

Bombay    j . .  No  data. 

Karachi    . .  No  data. 

Madras    ..  No   data. 

THE  FAR  EAST. 

Singapore    . .  No  data. 

(Straits  Settlements.) 

CHINA. 
Shanghai    No  data. 


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HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  29 


CHAPTER  V. 


AMERICAN  INCINERATORS. 

During  the  last  twenty  years  there  has  been  installed 
in  American  cities  about  twenty  different  types  of  incin- 
erators, and  it  must  be  admitted  that  not  one  has  proved 
a  complete  success. 

One  of  the  first  types  of  incinerators  installed  was  the 
Engle,  which  was  installed  at  Des  Homes,  Iowa,  as  an 
experiment  in  1886,  and  subsequently  installed  in  some 
dozen  or  more  American  cities  with  varying  success. 

During  the  succeeding  twenty  years,  the  following  are 
some  of  the  types  installed,  with  their  principal  installa- 
tion, viz. :  the 

Brown    incinerator  at  Wilmington,  Del. 

Brownlee   incinerator  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind. 

Burns    incinerator  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Ainderson  incinerator  at  Chicago,  111. 

Dixon    incinerator  at  Atlanta,  Ga. 

McKey  incinerator  at  Yonkers,  N.  J. 

McGiehan    incinerator  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

Reder  incinerator  at  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

Smith-Siemens    incinerator  at  Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 

Smith-Vivarttas   incinerator  at  Scranton,  Pa. 

The  failure  of  these  and  other  types  was  due  to  their 
improperly  constructed  furnaces  and  the  lack  of  sufficient 
draft,  rendering  it  impossible  to  maintain  the  necessaiv 
high  temperature  for  the  complete  incineration  of  refuse 


30  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

In  none  of  these  furnaces  could  a  temperature  much  above 
1000  degrees  F.  be  obtained,  while  the  complete  in- 
cineration of  refuse  requires  a  constant  temperature  of 
2000  degrees,  owing  to  mixed  refuse  containing  from 
70  to  80  per  cent  moisture. 

The  construction  of  all  these  incinerators  was  imperfect 
in  requiring  the  wet  refuse  to  be  charged  direct  into  the 
furnaces  without  first  drying  same,  either  upon  a  drying 
hearth,  or  in  an  intermediary  furnace.  The  result  was 
that  the  heated  fire-brick  were  quickly  cooled  off  by  each 
successive  charge,  thus  keeping  the  temperature  of  the 
furnace  too  low  for  perfect  combustion,  and  soon  causing 
the  incinerator  to  be  declared  a  nuisance.  The  charging 
of  the  dripping  refuse  on  the  highly  heated  brick  further 
soon  cracked  them,  requiring  constant  repairs  and  mak- 
ing the  incinerator  a  most  expensive  and  unsatisfactory 
method  of  disposing  of  the  refuse. 

Natural  draft  was  alone  employed  in  all  these  incinera- 
tors, and,  in  fact,  is  still  being  exclusively  used  by  the 
American  incinerator  constructors,  they  having  failed  to 
profit  by  their  numerous  failures. 

With  natural  draft  it  has  been  repeatedly  demonstrated 
that  it  is  impossible  to  maintain  a  sufficiently  high  temper- 
ature in  any  character  of  furnace  for  refuse  disposal,  how- 
ever perfect  may  be  the  construction  of  the  furnace  itself. 
For  complete  combustion  a  high  temperature  must  be 
used,  that  is,  a  temperature  of  2000  degrees  F.,  and  to 
maintain  this  high  temperature  a  mechanical  draft  must 
be  employed,  either  forced  or  induced,  or  both.  Only 
when  the  present  designor  or  constructor  of  incinerators 
in  this  country  recognizes  this  well-known  fact,  will  in- 
cineration cease  to  be  an  experiment  with  us. 

.The  American  engineer  leads  the  world  in  whatsoever 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  31 

he  undertakes,  and  when  the  task  of  installing  properly 
constructed  incinerating  plants  is  placed  entirely  in  his 
hands  by  municipalities,  then  only  will  the  health  of  the 
citizens  and  the  interest  of  the  taxpayers  be  protected,  the 
same  as  is  done  in  all  other  countries. 

Incineration  in  this  country  has  now  passed  through 
those  stages  through  which  it  was  forced  to  pass  in  other 
countries  before  it  became  the  only  successful  method  of 
refuse  disposal,  and  with  our  many  past  failures  as  a 
lesson  the  time  has  arrived  when  it  can  be  likewise  made 
a  success  in  this  country. 

A  great  deal  of  work  and  money  has  been  and  is  now 
being  expended  with  this  object  in  view,  and  for  a  city 
to  now  consider  any  other  method  of  refuse  disposal  is 
to  invite  further  delays,  and  the  waste  of  public  money. 
The  following  are  some  of  the  leading  American  com- 
panies who  have,  or  will  ultimately  produce  a  successful 
incinerator  for  the  disposal  of  American  refuse: 

Decarie  Manufacturing  Co.,  of  Minneapolis,  Minn. 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Company,  of  Toledo,  Ohio. 

Engle  Crematory  Co.,  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

Lester-Vanderlip  Furnace  Co.,  of  New  York  City. 

Lewis  &  Kitchen,  of  Chicago,  111. 

Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Co.,  New  York  City. 

National  Equipment  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

Sanitary  Engineering  Co.,  New  York  City. 

The  following  official  reports  from  leading  American 
cities  give  the  present  method  adopted  by  them  for  dis- 
posing of  their  waste,  and  with  what  success. 

From  these  reports  it  can  be  seen  that  the  future  suc- 
cess of  waste  disposal  in  this  country  depends  upon  the 
incineration  of  all  the  combustible  waste,  and  the  reduc- 
tion of  the  remainder. 


32 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


LIST  OF   AMERICAN   CITIES    REPORTING 

THEIR  PRESENT  METHOD  OF 

REFUSE  DISPOSAL. 


Akron,  Ohio. 
Alton,  111. 
Apalachicola,  Fla. 
Allegheny  City,  Pa. 
Antigo,  Wis. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Atlantic  City,  N.  J. 
Allentown,  Pa. 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
Brunswick,  Ga. 
Boulder,  Colo. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Boston,  Mass. 
Brownsville,  Tex. 
Chicago,  111. 
Corsicana,  Tex. 
Cincinnati,  O. 
Champaign,  111. 
Cleveland,  O. 
Covington,  Ky. 
Concord,  N.  H. 
Danbury,  Conn. 
Deadwood,  S.  D. 
Dallas,  Tex. 
Detroit,  Mich. 
Evansville,  Ind. 
Evanston,  111. 
Fort  Dodge,  la. 
Fort  Wayne,  Ind, 


Houston,  Tex. 
Hornellsville,  N.  Y. 
Indianapolis,  Ind. 
Joliet,  111. 
Keokuk,  la. 
Los  Angeles,  Calif. 
Lancaster,  Pa. 
Louisville,  Ky. 
McKeesport,  Pa. 
Memphis,  Tenn. 
Minneapolis,  Minn. 
Norfolk,  Va. 
New  Castle,  Del. 
New  York,  City  of. 
.Oskaloosa,  la. 
Pensacola,  Fla. 
Prescott,  Ariz. 
Paterson,  N.  J. 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Portland,  Ore. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. 
Raleigh,  N.  C. 
Richmond,  Va. 
Reading,  Pa. 
Skowhegan,  Me. 
Santa  Rosa,  Calif. 
South  Bend,  Ind. 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 
San  Francisco,  Cal. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  33 

CITIES  REPORTING  METHOD  OF  REFUSE  DISPOSAL,. 
(Continued.) 

Salem,  O.  Trenton,  N.  J. 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Mich.  Tyrone,  Pa. 

South  Framingham,  Mass.  Utica,  N.  Y. 

Staunton,  Va.  Vincennes,  Ind. 

St.  Louis,  Mo.  Washington,  D.  C. 

Troy,  N.  Y.  Wilmington,  Del. 

Tampa,  Fla.  Waterbury,  Conn. 

Two  Harbors,  Minn.  Wheeling,  W.  Va. 

AI/TON,  ILL.  Population,  14,210 

All  garbage  is  sewered  into  the  Mississippi  river. 

ALLENTOWN,  PA.  Population.  35,416 

A  Dixon  garbage  crematory  was  installed  in  this  city 
in  1892,  guaranteed  to  consume  25  tons  of  garbage  every 
24  hours.  It  is  claimed  that  it  will  only  consume  about 
18  tons  in  that  length  of  time,  and  it  is  stated  that  there 
is  a  law  suit  pending  relative  to  its  inefficiency. 

ATLANTIC  CITY,  NEW  JERSEY.  Population.  27,838 

All  garbage  is  disposed  of  by  incineration,  the  plant 
being  operated  by  the  Atlantic  Products  Co.,  which  com- 
pany has  a  contract  with  the  city  both  for  the  collection 
and  disposal  of  all  garbage,  and  it  is  stated  is  giving  sat- 
isfaction. 

ALLEGHENY  CITY,  PA.  Population,  129,896 

All  garbage  disposed  of  by  the  reduction  method,  the 
plant  being  operated  by  the  Allegheny  Garbage  Co.  un- 
der contract  with  the  city,  and  it  is  stated  is  giving  satis- 
faction. 


34  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

AKRON,  OHIO.  Population,  42,728 

Uses  neither  incineration  or  reduction,  but  all  garbage 
collected  and  disposed  of  by  private  company. 

ATLANTA,  GA.  Population,  115,000 

This  city  disposes  of  all  its  refuse  by  incineration,  hav- 
ing tried  in  the  past  15  years  several  types  of  incinerators 
with  more  or  less  success. 

The  first  incinerator  erected  by  the  Dixon  Crematory 
Company  was  erected  in  this  city  in  1896,  under  a  con- 
tract with  the  city  by  which  the  plant  was  to  be  operated 
one  year  before  payment  by  the  city. 

While  it  is  reported  to  have  rendered  excellent  service 
during  the  year,  the  cost  of  its  operation  was  considered 
excessive  by  the  city. 

In  1905  the  city  installed  a  Decarie  Incinerator,  which 
is  reported  to  be  giving  satisfaction  during  the  short  time 
it  has  been  in  operation. 

BOSTON,  MASS.  Population,  560,892 

Under  a  contract  with  the  New  England  Sanitary  Pro- 
duct Co.,  which  has  a  reduction  plant  on  Spectacle  Island. 
Boston  Harbor,  all  garbage  is  collected  by  city  teams  and 
dumped  at  the  water  front  into  scows,  which  are  towed 
by  this  company  to  its  plant.  During  the  year  1904  the 
city  delivered  48,373  loads,  averaging  2,500  Ibs.  per  load, 
to  this  company. 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y.  Population,  352,219 

This  city  disposes  of  its  garbage  proper  by  reduction 
and  its  waste  by  incineration.  The  garbage  is  collected 
and  disposed  of  by  the  reduction  process  under  a  contract 
calling  for  the  payment  of  $2.19  per  ton.  The  Buffalo 
Sanitary  Co.  reduces  all  the  garbage  by  the  so-called 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  35 

"Merz"  system.  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  July  1,  1905, 
there  was  collected  a  total  of  6,599  loads,  weighing  23,- 
701.7  tons,  at  a  cost  to  the  city  of  $51,905.32,  or  13  cents 
per  capita,  for  the  collection  alone.  (U.  S.  Census,  1900.) 

REFUSE  DESTRUCTION. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  city  collects  miscellaneous  refuse 
and  has  installed  a  refuse  destroyer  of  the  crematory 
type.  The  refuse  is  hauled  to  this  destroyer,  sorted,  such 
recovery  made  as  is  possible,  and  then  run  on  the  belt 
into  the  furnace.  The  heat  produced  is  used  to  operate 
a  sewage  pumping  plant.  The  city  has  decided  to  erect 
two  other  destroyer  plants.  As  the  heat  from  these 
plants  will  not  be  taken  for  power,  garbage  will  be  de- 
stroyed in  them.  When  these  plants  are  in  operation, 
the  garbage  will  be  collected  and  hauled  to  the  municipal ' 
destroyers  under  contract  at  $1.55  per  ton.  During  the 
year  ending  July  1,  1905,  the  city  collected  181,000  cubic 
yards  of  refuse  at  a  cost  of  $67,986.68. 

COST  OF  COLLECTING  ASHES. 

The  city  collects  all  ashes.  The  cost  of  hauling,  dur- 
ing the  last  year,  was  31  cents  per  cubic  yard.  The 
amount  collected  was  184,000  cubic  yards  and  the  total 
cost  $57,159.21.  Commissioner  Ward  states  that  this 
item  of  ash  collection  is  causing  the  city  considerable 
worry  because  of  the  expense  of  hauling  the  ashes  from 
apartment  houses,  office  buildings,  hotels,  etc.  The  Com- 
mon Council  has  decided  that,  after  January  1,  1906,  the 
municipal  collection  shall  be  "a  civic  domestic  collection 
and  is  not  intended  to  be  extended  to  commercial  trades 
or  manufacturing  institutions." 


36  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

The  total  expense  for  the  year  ending  July  1st  for 
ashes,  rubbish  and  garbage  was  $177,051.21,  or,  ap- 
proximately, 44  cents  per  capita. 

CREMATION  FAVORED. 

Commissioner  Ward  thinks  that  Buffalo  will  have 
adopted  the  best  system  when  it  has  established  its  own 
destroyers  and  provided  for  collection  under  the  contract 
system. 

Mr.  Ward  also  states  that  in  Buffalo  they^  consider 
cremation  a  better  system  than  reduction  because  the  re- 
duction system  creates  a  nuisance  and  requires  the  loca- 
tion of  a  plant  in  the  suburbs.  This,  in  turn,  adds  very 
greatly  to  the  cost  of  the  hauling. 

THE  MODEL  CITY. 

As  I  consider  that  the  city  of  Buffalo  has  at  present  the 
best  system  of  collection  and  disposal  of  all  its  refuse  of 
any  city  in  this  country,  I  give  the  report  of  the  Hon. 
Francis  G.  Ward,  Commissioner,  verbatim,  viz. : 

"Garbage  is  hauled  to  the  Baynes  Garbage  Crematory 
at  Cheektowaga,  and  reduced  under  the  'Merz'  system. 

Refuse  is  hauled  to  the  City  Destroyer  on  Main  and 
Hamburg  Canal  site,  and,  after  recovery  of  the  valuable 
portion,  destroyed  in  furnace. 

Cost  of  collection,  haulage  and  disposal  of  garbage, 
$2.19  per  ton. 

Three  separate  collections  are  required  :  Ashes,  Refuse 
and  Garbage. 

Total  cost  of  collection  and  disposal  of  garbage  alone, 
$60.000.00,  equal  to  15  cents  per  head  (400,000  inhabi- 
tants. Census,  1906). 

This  work  is  done  under  contract  with  the  Buffalo  San- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  37 

itary  Company,  who  have  a  contract  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  ending  July,  1908,  at  the  following  rates  :  31c.  cubic 
yard  for  collection  and  disposal  of  ashes,  37j^c  cubic 
yard  for  collection  and  disposal  of  refuse,  $2.19  per  ton 
for  collection  and  disposal  of  garbage." 

BRUNSWICK,  GA.  Population,  9,681 

The  city  uses  an  incinerator  for  the  disposal  of  dead 
animals  and  excrement  from  water  closets  which  are  out- 
side of  the  sewerage  limits.  The  plant  was  installed  by 
the  Engle  Sanitary  &  Cremating  Co.  in  1889.  Garbage 
and  waste  is  burned  in  the  open  air  on  low  places  and 
the  ashes  are  used  for  filling  in  same.  All  destructible 
matter  being  burned,  the  tin  cans,  broken  glass,  etc.,  be- 
come heated  red  hot  and  so  purified,  before  being  used 
for  filling  in  purposes.  The  incinerator  is  giving  satis- 
faction for  the  purpose  it  is  used. 

BOISE  CITY,  IDAHO.  Population,  5,957 

The  city  disposes  of  its  garbage  principally  by  dump- 
ing it  into  the  river. 

BALTIMORE;,  MD.  Population,  508,957 

All  garbage  disposed  of  under  a  contract  with  the  Bal- 
timore Sanitary  Contracting  Co.,  which  company  employs 
the  Arnold-Edgerton  reduction  process,  using  28  digest- 
ors  of  10-ton  capacity  each,  and  seven  steam  roller  presses. 
The  contract  with  this  company  includes  the  collection 
of  ashes,  miscellaneous  refuse,  dead  animals  and  garbage, 
as  well  as  the  reduction  of  the  latter,  for  which  they  get 
a  lump  sum  of  $200,000  per  annum. 

From  the  sanitary  point  of  view,  it  is  claimed  that  their 
reduction  plant  has  given  perfect  satisfaction  to  the  mu- 
nicipal authorities,  but  when  separated  from  the  collec- 


38  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

tion  part  of  the  contract,  that  it  is  not  financially  profitable, 
as  the  cost  of  reduction  is  out  of  proportion  to  the  value 
of  the  tankage. 

Under  their  contract  this  company  handles  about  30,- 
000  tons  of  garbage  per  annum  which  costs  to  reduce 
$1.15  per  ton.  As  this  cost  of  disposal  is  included  in  that 
of  collection,  it  is  therefore  claimed  that  the  contract  is 
not  profitable. 

CHICAGO,  ILL.  Population,  1,698,575 

This  city  has  not  yet  been  able  to  introduce  the  incin- 
eration system  of  disposing  of  its  garbage.  Sometime 
ago  a  small  reduction  plant  was  built  at  the  Chicago 
House  of  Correction,  as  an  experiment.  Only  a  small 
amount  of  garbage  was  disposed  of  at  same.  The  city 
dumps  all  refuse  into  a  drainage  canal,  which  discharges 
into  Des  Plaines  river;  1,500  tons  daily. 

BOULDER,  COLO.  Population,  6,150 

All  garbage  disposed  of  by  dumping  and  then  burning 
same.  Other  methods  too  expensive. 

CHAMPAIGN,  ILL.  Population,  9,098 

All  garbage  conveyed  by  the  city  to  a  dumping  ground, 
where  it  is  burned.  Other  methods  too  expensive. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO.  Population,  325,902 

All  garbage  reduced  by  the  Cincinnati  Reduction  Co.,- 
under  a  five-year  contract  wfith  the  city. 

The  Cincinnati  Reduction  Co.  have  the  contract  for 
the  collection  and  disposal  of  all  garbage,  the  system  used 
being  the  Detroit  Liquid  Separation  system.  The  com- 
pany claims  that  they  are  satisfied  with  their  contract, 
and  from  reports  received  they  are  giving  satisfaction 
to  the  city. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  39 

,  OHIO.  Population,  381,768 

On  Jan.  1,  1905,  the  city  purchased  from  the  Newburg 
Reduction  Co.  its  entire  plant  and  collection  equipment, 
and  since  that  time  has  been  engaged  in  collecting  and  dis- 
posing of  its  own  garbage.  The  price  paid  was  $87,500, 
including  fifty  acres  of  land  surrounding  the  plant. 

Collections  in  the  down-town  or  business  section  of  the 
city  are  made  daily,  and  in  the  outlying  districts  from  two 
to  three  times  per  week.  Householders  are  required  to 
put  the  garbage  in  water-tight  metal  cans  and  place  the 
same  at  a  convenient  point  in  the  back  yards,  from  which 
the  collector  takes  it  and  empties  it  into  iron  water-tight 
wagon  boxes.  It  is  then  hauled  to  a  central  loading  sta- 
tion on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railway,  where  by  means 
of  an  electric  crane  the  box  is  lifted  from  the  wagon  and 
placed  upon  a  specially  constructed  railroad  car  and  ship- 
ped to  the  plant  located  at  Willow,  Ohio,  a  distance  of 
eight  miles  from  the  city.  It  is  then  hoisted  from  the  car 
and  dumped  upon  the  receiving  floor  of  the  plant,  after 
which  it  is  shoveled  into  the  digestors  (of  which  there  are 
14),  each  holding  five  tons  to  a  charge.  Steam  is  then 
turned  on,  and  when  the  garbage  is  cooked  it  is  removed 
from  the  bottom  of  the  digester,  and  by  means  of  a  belt 
conveyor  placed  upon  small  cars  and  taken  to  the  hy- 
draulic presses  where  the  liquids  are  squeezed  out.  This 
is  then  pumped  to  a  vat  and  the  grease  skimmed  off  the 
top.  The  solids  are  conveyed  to  the  dryer,  and  when 
dried  and  screened,  are  placed  in  sacks  for  shipment  to 
fertilizing  companies.  This  material  brings  about  $7.00 
per  ton.  The  grease  is  sold  to  soap  manufacturers  at 
about  3c  per  pound. 

Prior  to  1905  the  city  paid  the  contractor  $69,400  per 


40  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

year  for  the  collection  and  disposal  of  garbage.  This 
year  the  council  appropriated  but  $60,000  for  this  work. 
The  sale  of  by-products  have  netted  the  city  about  $5,000 
per  month.  The  city  has  spent  about  $10,000  for  addi- 
tional equipment  and  increase  of  plant,  and  are  erecting 
an  addition  to  the  present  plant  of  60  tons  per  day  capac- 
ity, which  addition  was  designed  and  is  being  erected  by 
the  Edson  Reduction  Machinery  Co. 

CORSICANA,  TEX.  Population,  9,313 

The  city  has  had  in  operation  for  the  last  10  or  12  years 
an  incinerator  with  complete  success.  All  night  soil, 
carcasses  and  garbage  is  consumed  in  it  without  odor, 
and  at  a  most  moderate  cost. 

COVINGTON,  KY.  Population,  42,938 

All  garbage  is  disposed  of  in  an  incinerator  built  by 
the  Dixon  Crematory  Co.  It  is  stated  that  the  process 
is  fairly  satisfactory, 

DAU.AS,  TEX.  Population,  42,638 

The  city  operates  a  Dixon  incinerating  plant  for  the  in- 
cineration of  dead  animals  and  all  refuse  which  would  be 
objectionable  on  their  dumping  grounds.  No  night  soil 
is  incinerated.  For  the  purposes  used,  it  is  stated  that 
the  plant  is  satisfactory. 

EVANSVII^E,  IND.  Population,  59,007 

The  city  has  operated  since  1896  an  incinerator  built 
'by  the  Eagle  Sanitary  and  Crematory  Co.  at  a  cost  of 
$9,000.  The  furnace  is  an  extra  No.  4,  with  a  capacity 
of  45,000  cubic  yards  per  day.  It  is  used  solely  for  com- 
bustible refuse  from  stores  and  residences,  consuming 
about  eight  tons  per  day.  The  plant  has  proved  entirely 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  41 

satisfactory.  It  is  stated  that  only  when  the  atmosphere 
is  heavy  is  there  any  smell  from  the  plant,  and  then  not 
to  an  extent  to  cause  objection. 

EVANSTON,  IivL.  Population,  19,259 

The  city  formerly  operated  an  incinerating  plant  built 
by  the  John  Pearce  Co.  as  an  experimental  plant,  in  which 
only  garbage  and  kitchen  waste  was  destroyed.  It  is 
stated  that  while  the  above  garbage  was  destroyed  with- 
out any  complaint  as  to  odors,  that  the  city  found  the 
cost  of  operation  was  too  high,  as  the  heat  was  not  util- 
ized. The  city  has  now  all  waste  removed  four  miles 
from  city  limits  and  plowed  under,  using  part  of  same  as 
feed  for  swine. 

FORT  DODGE,  IOWA.  Population,  12,162 

The  city  uses  a  dumping  ground  for  its  waste,  as  the 

expense  of  any  other  method  was  found  to  be  prohibitive. 

FORT  WAYNE,  IND.  Population,  45,115 

The  city  operates  an  incinerating  plant  which  was  built 
by  the  Dixon  Crematory  Co.  in  1896  at  a  cost  of  $8,000. 
In  1903  the  building  was  partially  destroyed  by  fire  and 
was  rebuilt  and  its  capacity  increased,  at  a  cost  of  $2,600. 
Formerly  natural  gas  was  used  for  fuel,  but  owing  to 
the  failure  of  same,  for  the  past  two  years  coal  has  been 
used,  which  has  increased  the  cost  of  operation.  Only 
what  is  strictly  classed  as  garbage  is  so  destroyed,  and 
it  is  stated  that  the  plant  has  met  all  the  requirements 
guaranteed,  and  is  giving  satisfaction. 

The  city  makes  a  contract  once  a  year  for  the  collection 
and  delivery  of  all  garbage  (except  hotels,  restaurants, 
public  boarding  houses  and  saloons)  at  the  incinerating 
plant.  The  householder  is  required  to  provide  proper  re- 
ceptacles for  the  garbage. 


42  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  to  utilize  the  waste  heat. 
The  following  report  shows  the  cost  of  collection  and  dis- 
posal for  the  year  of  1904 : 

Total  number  of  loads  collected 2,481 

Number  of  working  days 306 

Average  loads  per  day 8.11 

Number  of  tons  hauled  by  city  wagons 4,953 

Number  of  tons  hauled  by  other  wagons 2,216 

Total  number  of  tons  incinerated 7,169 

Average  tons  per  day   23.44 

EXPENDITURES. 

Salaries,   attendants    $1,713.33 

Salaries,  collectors    4,300.00 

Salaries,  scavenger 576.00 

Coal    1,584.31 

Repairs  to  wagons  and  tools 194.02 

Fire  brick,  clay,  lime,  etc 366.73 

Castings    113.05 

Grate  bars 138.28 

Horse  for  scavenger 110.00 

Horse  feed   25.00 

Gas    11.36 

Repairs  to  building 10.95 

Hose    10.50 

Chain   .        4.95 

Miscellaneous  17.65 


Total $9,176.13 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  43 

INDIANAPOLJS,  IND.  Population,  169,164 

The  reduction  method  is  used  in  this  city.  The  plant 
was  installed  in  1897  by  the  Chamberlain  Co.  and  is 
located  at  Seller's  farm.  A  local  company  known  as 
the  Indianapolis  Dessicating  Co.  has  charge  of  the  haul- 
ing of  the  garbage.  It  is  stated  that  the  reduction  method 
has  given  satisfaction  to  the  city,  though  both  incinerator 
and  reduction  have  recently  been  under  consideration. 

JouET,  Iiviv.  Population,  29,  353 

All  refuse  is  disposed  of  by  incineration,  the  plant  be- 
ing erected  by  the  Dixon  Crematory  Co.  in  1900.  Since 
that  time  it  has  been  run  continuously  with  the  exception 
of  three  or  four  days'  shut-down  each  year  for  the  purpose 
of  making  repairs  of  fire-clay  brick.  For  operating  the 
plant  two  men  are  employed  for  the  entire  year  at  $1.75 
per  day  each.  The  city  appropriates  $300.00  per  annum 
for  coal  and  a  like  amount  for  repairs  for  furnace.  The 
average  cost  of  collecting  and  delivering  the  garbage  to 
the  incinerating  plant  is  71  cents.  It  is  estimated  this 
could  be  reduced  one-half  if  the  plant  was  more  centrally 
located,  instead  of  outside  the  city  limits.  An  average 
of  eight  tons  of  garbage  per  day,  which  is  half  the  capac- 
ity of  the  furnace,  is  destroyed,  about  100  pounds  of  coal 
being  used  to  a  ton  of  garbage. 

Report  for  December,  1905,  shows  average  cost  of 
operation  of  this  plant  as  follows : 

Garbage  hauled  by  city  carts 173 J4  tons 

Rubbish  hauled  by  merchants  and  pkg.  house     22^     " 

Total  amount  consumed 195  J4    " 

Ashes  hauled  to  near-by  dumps 969        " 

Total  amount  of  tons  handled 1164 J4    " 

Amount  of  coal  consumed.  ,  5  1-3  " 


44  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Average  amount  coal  per  ton  garbage 54J4  Ibs. 

Loads  of  paper,  collected  and  destroyed  (one 

cart  only)    148  Ids. 

Loads  of  street  sweepings  collected 367 

Cats  cremated   3 

Dogs  cremated 55 

Horses  cremated 7 

Los  ANGERS,  CAL.  Population,  102,497 

This  city  is  at  present  installing  a  Decarie  incinerating 

plant  which  is  expected  to  be  in  operation  by  Feb.  1,  1906. 

LANCASTER,  PA.  Population,  41,497 

This  city  disposes  of  all  its  garbage  by  the  Davis  in- 
cinerator, which  is  reported  to  be  giving  satisfaction. 

LOUISVILLE,  KY.  Population,  204,731 

An  incinerating  plant  was  installed  by  the  Dixon  Cre- 
matory Co.,  but  was  closed  by  injunction  upon  the  claim 
that  it  was  a  nuisance  before  the  plant  was  operated  suf- 
ficiently long  to  determine  anything  as  to  its  merits. 

Judgment  was  rendered  for  the  plaintiff  in  the  lower 
court  and  affirmed  by  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

It  was  claimed  that  the  contractor  guaranteed  to  dis- 
pose of  80  tons  per  day,  but  actually  disposed  of  only 
about  30  tons  at  a  cost  of  about  $35.00,  or  $1.16  per  ton. 

By  some  it  was  claimed  that  the  process  itself  was  at 
fault,  while  others  contended  that  the  entire  trouble  was 
due  to  the  fact  that  the  householders  would  not  separate 
the  ashes,  etc.,  from  the  garbage,  though  there  was  an 
ordinance  compelling  proper  separation.  It  was  stated 
that  the  contractor  operated  the  plant  for  six  months  and 
then  discontinued  it,  the  city  purchasing  the  plant  for 
$22,000,  and  after  ten  days'  trial,  compelled  to  shut  it 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  45 

down  by  order  of  the  court.  It  was  claimed  that  the 
odors  emanated  from  the  plant  were  noxious  and  offen- 
sive, so  that  the  city  lost  a  suit  for  damages. 

It  is  generally  believed  that  the  process  of  separation 
\vas  largely  responsible  for  the  odors  and  not  due  to  any 
defect  in  the  plant  itself,  but  the  plant  was  finally  aban- 
doned in  April,  1891,  and  the  city  since  that  time  has  been 
dumping  its  garbage  in  the  low  lands.  Individuals  may, 
if  they  so  desire,  haul  away  their  own  garbage,  but  gar- 
bage must  be  brought  to  one  of  the  regular  city  "dumps." 

The  hauling  of  garbage,  ashes,  rubbish,  etc.,  is  done  by 
the  Street  Cleaning  Department,  the  total  cost  for  hauling 
being  about  53  cents  per  load. 

The  carcasses  of  dead  animals  are  sold  to  a  contractor, 
who  buys  same  outright  from  the  owner,  the  average 
price  paid  for  horses  being  about  $3.00. 

MILWAUKEE,  Wis.  Population,  285,315 

This  city  disposes  of  its  garbage  by  incineration;  the 
plant  being  erected  by  the  Engle  Sanitary  and  Cremation 
Co. 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN.  Population,  202,718 

This  city  uses  the  Decarie  incinerating  system,  and 
reports  that  it  is  disposing  of  its  garbage  in  a  sanitary 
manner. 

McKEESPORT,  PA.  Population,  34,227 

The  city  operates  its  own  incinerating  plant,  which  is 
giving  satisfaction.  The  incinerator  was  installed  by 
the  Clinton  Foundry  &  Machine  Co. 

MEMPHIS,  TENN.  Population,  102,320 

For  some  time  past  all  garbage  has  been  incinerated, 
while  it  is  reported  to  have  been  a  very  satisfactory 


46  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

disposition  of  the  garbage,  the  cost  of  keeping  the  incin- 
erators in  repair  has  been  so  great  that  the  city  is  now 
considering  the  question  of  dumping  the  garbage  into  the 
Mississippi  river. 

The  incinerators  now  in  use  were  installed  by  the 
Dixon  Crematory  Co.  and  it  is  stated,  except  for  the  fact 
that  they  are  so  much  injured  by  the  heat  that  they  are 
very  satisfactory. 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.  Population,  3,437,202 

There  are  two  incinerators  at  work  in  this  city  for  the 
disposal  of  light  refuse,  by  which  is  meant  waste  paper, 
old  furniture,  etc.,  etc.  At  the  largest  plant  150  loads 
are  disposed  of  daily,  while  at  the  smaller  plant,  there 
are  about  100  loads. 

The  Sanitary  Utilization  Company  disposes  of  about 
880  tons  of  garbage  or  food  waste  per  day.  This  is  done 
by  means  of  digesters  and  compressors.  The  grease  or 
fatty  substance  is  extracted  and  the  residue  utilized  for 
fertilizing  purposes.  The  incinerating  plant  is  located  at 
Forty-seventh  street,  North  river,  furnishing  light  for  the 
new  Williamsburg  bridge.  This  plant  cost  $31,000  and 
the  electric  lighting  station  $50,000.  The  incinerator  has 
a  capacity  of  350  cart  loads  of  7  cubic  yards  every  24 
hours,  each  load  weighing  about  1,000  Ibs.,  and  the  heat 
derived  therefrom  operates  the  400  h.  p.  installation  of 
boilers. 

The  incinerator  is  housed  in  a  one-story  building  70x 
150  feet  with  a  front  space  where  the  rubbish  carts  dis- 
charge their  loads  on  a  metallic  conveyor.  This  carries 
forward  the  rubbish  between  sorting  boxes,  where  the 
material  is  trimmed  or  sorted  by  hand  as  it  passes.  The 
unmarketable  rubbish  remaining  on  the  conveyor  is  car- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  47 

ried  over  the  cross  wall  and  discharged  from  the  con- 
veyor upon  a  fire-proof  platform,  above  the  furnaces. 

The  street  sweepings  carts  drive  up  a  roadway  on  the 
outside  of  the  building  at  the  rear  to  a  fire-proof  plat- 
form and  there  deposit  their  load.  The  material  depos- 
ited on  the  platform  by  the  conveyors  and  the  street- 
sweeping  carts  is  pushed  into  hoppers  which  empty  into 
the  furnaces.  The  hot  gases  of  combustion  pass  through 
a  horizontal  flue  into  the  stack,  the  rubbush  burning  with- 
out the  aid  of  any  other  combustible.  When  steam  is  to 
be  generated  the  gases  are  sent  through  the  boilers,  and 
thence  to  the  stack. 

Steam  from  the  boilers  is  carried  through  an  8-inch 
•main  steam  line  to  the  electric  lighting  station,  a  building 
20  feet  away,  with  outside  dimensions  of  50x60  feet, 
in  which  is  installed  three  engines,  each  engine  direct 
connected  to  a  generator  supplying  240  volts  current. 
There  is  one  feeder  for  station  building  lighting,  one  for 
incinerator  building  lighting,  and  five  feeders  for  bridge 
service,  with  the  probability  of  other  feeders  being  added, 
all  of  the  feeders  carrying  light  to  some  part  of  Greater 
New  York. 

The  incinerator  is  constructed  of  red  brick  lined  with 
fire  brick,  in  which  a  temperature  of  2,000  degrees  Fahr. 
is  maintained.  Natural  draft  is  used,  the  stack  being 
114  feet  in  height.  From  a  test,  it  was  found  that  one 
pound  of  refuse  Would  evaporate  1.5  pounds  of  water, 
producing  232.7  h.  p.  per  hour. 


The  city  bears  the  entire  expense  of  the  collection  of 
all  refuse. 

The  driver  of  a  garbage  wagon  is  assigned  to  a  sped- 


48  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

fied  route,  the  average  length  of  which  is  approximately 
one  mile.  He  is  required  to  remove  all  ashes,  garbage 
and  street  sweepings  on  his  route.  The  garbage  is  col- 
lected between  certain  hours  in  the  morning,  and  the 
ashes  and  street  sweepings  are  gathered  during  the  re- 
mainder of  the  day.  His  hours  are  from  6 :30  a.  m. 
until  his  route  is  cleaned.  If  he  gets  through  before  4 
p.  m.  his  route  is  increased. 

The  ashes  are  put  outside  the  house  in  one  can,  and 
the  garbage  placed  outside  in  another  can. 

The  paper  cart  driver  collects  the  light  rubbish  along 
his  route.  Each  house  is  supplied  with  a  "P.  and  R." 
card,  which  is  displayed  in  a  place  where  it  may  be  easily 
seen  by  the  driver.  The  displaying  of  this  card  means 
that  there  is  light  rubbish  in  the  house  for  which  the 
driver  is  to  call. 

There  are  1,316  drivers  in  Manhattan,  the  Bronx  and 
Brooklyn. 

The  horses  travel  an  average  distance  of  20  miles  each 
day.  The  driver  is  not  allowed  to  trot  his  horse. 

GARBAGE;  CART. 

The  ideal  style  of  ash  and  garbage  cart  is  one  that 
will  hold  a  proper  size  load;  that  is  water-tight  on  sides 
and  bottom;  that  is  strong  and  light;  that  will  tip  at  the 
dumping  boards ;  that  will  prevent  the  ashes  from  blow- 
ing about  the  streets  when  loading  and  going  to  the 
dumping  place.  Every  wagon  should  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  and  disinfected  with  hot  water  each  trip. 

The  apparatus  used  by  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  described 
in  this  work,  is  giving  perfect  satisfaction  for  such  work. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  49 

THE  SALABLE  ARTICLES  RECOVERED  AT  A 

NEW  YORK  REFUSE  DISPOSAL  STATION. 

Material  Sold  from  18th  Street  Yard  in  1899. 

Manila   paper,    pounds 461,385 

Newspaper,  pounds   905,301 

Mixed  paper,  pounds 442,866 

Strawboard,  pounds    587,208 

Mixed  wrapping  paper,  pounds 635,136 

Books,  pounds   18,620 

Woolen  rags,  pounds 18,617 

White  rags,  pounds 41,450 

Mixed  rags,  pounds 116,550 

Black  rags,  pounds 200,495 

Bagging,  pounds    48,055 

Twine,  pounds 21,070 

Soft  back  carpet,  pounds 18,795 

Hard  back  carpet,  pounds 79,820 

Wool  carpet,   pounds 3,915 

Linsey  carpet,   pounds 7,180 

Rough  cloth  and  old  coats,  pounds 20,945 

Stockings,  pounds   4,600 

Shoes  (bulk),  pounds 38,160 

Shoes,  pairs   1,435 

Siphons  .  . 603 

Siphon  heads   21 

Quarts 1,995 

Lagers 18,759 

Sodas    7,751 

Weiss    104 

Iron   (scrap),  pounds 80,800 

Mixed  bottles,  barrels 350 

Hats 2,100 


50  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SALABLE  ARTICLES  RECOVERED.     (Continued.) 

Curled  hair,  pounds 765 

Copper,  pounds    4-94. 

Zinc,  pounds 2,090 

Brass,  pounds 1,607 

Lead,  pounds   303 

Rubber  shoes,   pounds 4,712 

Rubber  mats,  pounds 2,712 

Rubber  hose,  pounds 1,255 

Rubber    (white),  pounds 1,090 

Hair  cloth,  pounds 400 

Large  bottles,  pounds 64 

Tin  cans,  loads 12 

Excelsior,  pounds    260 

Bed  springs    16 

Mattresses    36 

Brushes,   dozen    1 

There  were  116,000  persons  in  this  district,  including 
the  occupants  of  all  classes  of  city  buildings,  dwellings, 
tenement  houses,  department  stores,  shops,  factories,  etc. 

PITTSBURG,  PA.  Population,  321,616 

The  city,  lets  a  contract  annually  to  the  American  Re- 
duction Co.  for  the  removal  of  all  garbage,  the  cost  ap- 
proximating $160,000  annually. 

PORTLAND,  OREGON.  Population,  90,426 

The  city  operates  an  incinerating  plant  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  all  garbage,  which  was  installed  seven  years  ago 
by  the  Engle  Co.,  but  it  is  reported  not  to  be  giving  sat- 
isfaction, being  too  wasteful  of  fuel.  The  cost  is  checked 
daily  by  use  of  a  pair  of  platform  scales,  and  will  average 
not  less  than  $1.60  per  ton  to  destroy.  Between  twenty 
and  thirty  tons  are  destroyed  daily. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  51 

The  city  has  now  under  consideration  the  purchase  of 
a  more  economical  incinerator. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.  Population,  1,293,697 

All  garbage  is  disposed  of  by  reduction,  under  a  con- 
tract with  the  American  Product  Co.,  which  company 
employs  the  "Arnold  system  improved"  process  of  reduc- 
tion. It  is  reported  that  the  process  is  giving  satisfaction. 
The  cost  for  removal  and  disposal  of  garbage  for  the 
year  1905  was  $560.000.  For  1904  the  contract  price 
was  $536,700,  and  224,256  tons  were  handled. 

RICHMOND,  VA.  Population,  85,000 

This  city  has  in  operation  an  incinerator  installed  by 
the  Eagle  Sanitary  Co.,  guaranteed  to  destroy  75  cubic 
yards  of  miscellaneous  garbage,  refuse  and  dead  animals 
each  day,  which  capacity  is  15  loads  of  one  cubic  yard 
each  at  one  time,  and  the  daily  capacity  is  calculated  to 
be  sufficient  to  destroy  all  the  present  daily  collection  of 
the  city,  including  summer,  when  the  quantity  is  greater 
than  the  above  amount. 

RALEIGH,  N.  C.  Population,  13,643 

The  city  owns  a  farm  of  200  acres  near  the  city,  on 
which  it  has  sanitary  headquarters,  as  well  as  stables. 
All  garbage  waste  is  dumped  on  this  farm,  which  is  car- 
ried on  as  a  farm  on  a  small  scale.  There  is  sufficient 
grain  raised  on  same  to  provide  feed  for  the  stock. 

READING,  PA.  Population,  78,961 

All  garbage  is  disposed  of  by  reduction,  which  plant 
was  installed  three  years  ago  by  the  Reading  Sanitary 
Reduction  Co.,  employing  the  Eddgerton  system.  The 
plant  is  located  three  miles  outside  the  city  limits,  and  is 
reported  to  be  a  profitable  investment.  This  company 
both  collect  and  reduce  the  garbage  for  $2.24  per 


52  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

net  ton,  the  city  paying  the  expense  of  the  weighmaster 
and  furnishing  the  scales.  This  work  comes  directly 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Department  of  Garbage  and 
the  Citv  Engineer. 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAI^.  Population,  450,000 

The  Sanitary  Reduction  Co.  have  been  operating  an 
incinerating  plant  under  a  contract  with  this  city  since 
1896.  By  city  ordinance  all  character  of  refuse  is  re- 
quired to  be  delivered  at  this  plant,  the  company  under 
their  contract  receiving  20  cents  per  cubic  yard  for  the 
incineration  of  same,  and  the  city  and  county  receiving 
2  per  cent  rebate. 

The  ordinances  under  which  this  contract  was  let,  and 
those  providing  for  the  collection  and  delivery  of  all 
refuse  at  this  plant,  and  prohibiting  the  dumping  of  gar- 
bage on  the  streets,  highways,  empty  lots  and  waterways, 
were  the  subject  of  litigation  for  several  years,  being 
tried  in  U.  S.  Circuit  Court,  approved  by  the  U.  S.  Court 
of  Appeals,  and  finally  affirmed  by  the  U.  S.  Supreme 
Court,  fully  sustaining  the  legality  of  the  ordinances. 

The  franchise  of  this  company  grants  to  it  the  exclusive 
right  of  cremating  and  disposing  of  all  garbage  produced 
in  San  Francisco,  with  the  privilege  of  charging  the  above 
named  price  of  20  cents  per  cubic  yard,  which  means  a 
charge  of  60  cents  per  year  for  every  household,  business 
house  or  hotel  in  that  city,  or  about  15  cents  per  capita, 
allowing-  four  persons  to  a  family,  as  can  be  seen  from 
the  following  data : 

In  the  year  1894  there  were  by  statistics  in  San  Fran- 
cisco 99,659  houses,  17,660  of  these  houses  being  one 
story,  the  balance  two,  three,  four,  five  and  higher  story 
houses,  and  there  were  23,591  stores,  saloons,  factories, 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  53 

laundries,  hotels,  shops,  mills,  etc.  This  would  make  the 
cost  of  entire  refuse  disposal  4J4  cents  per  month  for 
each,  or  57  cents  per  annum.  For  the  year  1905,  the  num- 
ber of  residences  had  increased  to  198,865,  making  for 
that  year  60  cents  per  annum,  the  price  paid  for  the  burn- 
ing of  all  garbage  from  the  smallest  cottage  to  the  largest 
hotel. 

For  the  year  1905  the  total  cost  of  refuse  disposal  was 
as  follows,  viz. : 

For  burning  all  refuse $46,388.26 

City  and  county  for  taxes 564.21 

Legal  expenses  defending  suit  in  U.  S.  Supreme 

Court  1,516.20 

City  and  county  2  per  cent  of  gross  receipts 

for  burning  garbage 1,175.76 

Office  expenses  and  directors'  fee 1,780.00 

Depreciation  of  plant 10,000.00 


Total $61,424.43 

Leaving  net  earnings 2,365.87 


Total $63,700.30 

At  20c  per  cubic  yard,  and  allowing  3.87  cubic  yards 
to  a  wagon  holding  \]/2  tons,  this  would  make  the  cost 
of  incineration  about  51  cents  per  ton. 

In  spite  of  the  violent  opposition,  this  company  has 
disposed  of  all  waste,  irrespective  of  its  character,  with 
satisfaction  to  the  citizens  and  the  approval  of  the  city 
officials. 

The  company  has  never  paid  a  dividend  upon  the  capi- 
tal of  $500,000  invested.  For  ten  years,  it  is  stated,  that 
these  stockholders  have  been  without  any  interest  for  their 


64  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

money,  but  it  is  generally  admitted  that  this  company  has 
not  only  been  the  means  of  giving  the  city  a  good  sanitary 
system,  but  also  of  providing  work  for  several  hundred 
laborers. 

The  company  is  so  well  satisfied  with  the  success  of 
incineration  that  they  have  now  under  consideration  the 
building  of  a  more  modern  incinerating  plant,  in  order 
to  utilize  the  waste  heat  therefrom,  for  power  and  electric 
lighting.  When  this  is  done,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but 
that  this  company  will  meet  with  the  financial  success  it 
evidently  deserves. 

SAVANNAH,  GA.  Population,  54,244 

The  Engle  system  of  incineration  was  used  for  quite 
a  time.  It  is  reported  that  the  results  were  not  thoroughly 
satisfactory,  and  after  the  plant  was  fairly  worn  out,  it 
was  abandoned. 

The  city  garbage  and  waste  is  now  taken  out  of  the 
city  on  special  cars  by  the  electric  railway,  to  the  poor 
farm  of  the  county,  where  it  is  handled  by  convict  labor. 

SANTA  ROSA,  CAT,.  Population,  6,673 

The  city  incinerates  its  garbage  in  a  plant  built  by 
itself,  in  which  only  the  dry  garbage  is  burned.  They 
do  not  attempt  to  burn  the  kitchen  garbage,  and  the  plant 
in  a  small  way  is  reported  to  be  satisfactory. 

SOUTH,  BEND,  IND.  Population,  35,999 

The  city  disposes  of  its  garbage  by  incineration  in  a 
plant  built  by  the  Dixon  Crematory  Co.  It  is  reported  to 
be  satisfactory  to  date. 

STAUNTON,  VA.  Population,  7,289 

Staunton  does  not  dispose  of  its  garbage  by  reduction 

or  incineration.     The  matter  as  to  what  is  the  best  dis- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  55 

position  to  make  of  garbage  and  waste  has  given  the  city 
officials  no  little  trouble  of  late. 

ST.  Louis,  Mo.  Population,  700,000 

At  present  the  city  is  disposing  of  all  its  refuse  by 
dumping  it  on  Chesley  Island,  which  is  an  island  in  the 
Mississippi  River,  15  miles  below  the  city,  where  it  is 
fed  to  swine. 

The  present  cost  of  collection  and  disposal  is  estimated 
as  follows : 

Amount  of  refuse  collected  per  annum 70,000  tons. 

Cost  of  collection  at  $1.67  per  ton $116,900.00 

Cost  of  disposal  at  one  dollar  per  ton $  70,000.00 


Total  annual  cost  for  handling  refuse $186,900.00 

An  ordinance  providing  for  the  incineration  of  all 
refuse  has  been  approved  by  the  Board  of  Public  Im- 
provements, and  is  now  pending  in  the  City  Council. 

Until  1902  the  city  disposed  of  all  its  refuse  under  a 
contract  with  the  St.  Louis  Sanitary  Co.,  which  company 
employed  the  Merz  process  of  reduction. 

This  contract  was  annulled  by  the  courts. 
The  reduction  works  of  this  company,  it  is  stated,  origi- 
nally cost  $275,000,  including  the  land.     The  daily  aver- 
age capacity  of  the  plant  was  226  tons.     It  contained  the 
following  machinery: 

Twelve  125  horse  power  horizontal  tubular  boilers ; 
One  250  horse  power  Corliss  engine; 
One  36  horse  power  engine  and  one  250  three  c.  p.  light 

dynamo ; 

One  60  horse  power  fan  engine; 

One  75  horse  power  engine  for  bone  mill  and  screens ; 
Three  duplex  pumps,  capacity  525,000  gallons; 


56  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Two  small  pumps,  capacity  225,000  gallons; 
Five  No.  8  Garden  City  fans ; 
Sixteen  Eureka  driers ; 

Four  Preston  digesters,  8^  feet  diameter  by  14  feet  high ; 
Eight  garbage  receiving  tanks ; 

One  Otis  engine  and  elevator;  mill  screens,  conveyors, 
elevators,  rectifying  tanks,  oil  pumps,  etc. 

The  city  paid  this  company  for  the  disposal  of  all  its 
refuse  at  a  stipulated  price  per  100  Ibs.  irrespective  of  the 
character  of  the  same. 

It  is  claimed  that  with  the  best  business  management, 
and  no  expense  spared  in  its  operation,  that  the  company 
could  barely  make  expenses. 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.  Population,  108,374 

For  almost  ten  years  the  green  garbage  collected  in  the 
city  has  been  treated  by  a  reduction  process  known,  as  the 
Holthaus  system.  The  plant  is  operated  by  the  Syracuse 
Reduction  Co.,  a  private  corporation,  which  is  under  con- 
tract to  reduce  all  of  the  garbage  delivered  at  the  plant 
by  the  city  for  an  annual  charge  of  $26,000,00.  It  is 
stated  that  the  plant  successfully  disposes  of  all  of  the 
garbage  produced  in  the  city,  the  collection  varying  from 
35  tons  daily  in  the  winter,  to  upwards  of  50  tons  in  the 
summer. 

TAMPA,  FI<A.  Population,  15,839 

The  city  has  in  operation  an  incinerating  plant  of  25 
tons  capacity,  erected  by  the  Decarie  Mfg.  Co. 

TRENTON,  N.  J.  Population,  73,307 

The  city  is  operating  at  the  present  time  an  incinerating 
plant  installed  by  the  Davis  Garbage  Furnace  Co.,  which 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  57 

consists  of  two  furnaces  of  25  tons  capacity  each,  which 
plant  has  been  in  operation  five  years,  and  it  is  stated  giv- 
ing entire  satisfaction. 

TROY,  N.  Y.  Population,  60,651 

The  city  has  disposed  of  its  garbage  for  the  past  twelve 
years,  using  the  Brown  furnace.  It  is  still  in  good  re- 
pair, and  it  is  stated  that  the  work  is  satisfactory  in  every 
way. 

TYRONE,  PA.  Population,  5,847 

The  city  sewers  all  garbage  into  the  river,  and  it  is  re- 
ported they  will  continue  to  do  so  until  stopped,  which  is 
not  feared  for  some  time  to  come. 

UTICA,  N.  Y.  Population,  56,383 

The  reduction  system  is  operated  by  a  contractor, 
Henry  Stappenback,  the  Arnold  system  being  used,  and 
it  is  reported  has  always  given  good  satisfaction. 

VINCENNES,  IND.  Population,  10,249 

The  city  uses  a  reduction  plant  installed  by  Kellersohn 
&  Wirth,  which  plant  is  operated  by  a  private  company. 
All  garbage,  including  animal  matter,  is  reduced.  Night 
soil  is  not  reduced.  The  plant  is  working  satisfactorily. 

WHEELING,  W.  VA.  Population,  38,878 

The  city  owns  and  operates  an  incinerating  plant, 
which  was  originally  installed  by  the  Dixon  Crematory 
Co.,  but  it  has  been  remodeled  on  different  lines  several 
times  since. 

WATERBURY,  CONN.  Population,  45,859 

The  city  disposes  of  its  garbage,  etc.,  by  means  of  an 
incinerating  plant,  which  was  installed  by  the  Bridgeport 
Boiler  Co.,  using  the  Smith  furnace. 


58  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

WILMINGTON,  DEX.  Population,  76,508 

The  city  operates  an  incinerating  plant  for  the  disposal 
of  its  garbage,  which  was  built  at  a  cost  of  about  $20,000 ; 
the  maintainance  of  which  is  about  $15,000  per  annum. 

A  Brown  incinerator  is  used,  and  the  evident  source 
of  this  great  expense  is  the  brick  lining  of  the  furnace 
and  the  use  of  an  auxiliary  furnace. 

The  city  has  now  under  consideration  the  abandonment 
of  the  incineration  method,  and  the  installation  of  a  re- 
duction plant. 

The  city  is  operating  the  incinerating  plant,  but  has 
in  contemplation  the  letting  out  of  the  reduction  proposi- 
tion on  contract. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.  Population,  278,718 

The  city  has  tried  various  methods  and  systems  for 
disposing  of  its  garbage.  The  first  incinerator  installed 
was  the  Brown  incinerator.  This  one  burned  down  and 
a  Smith  incinerator  was  installed.  Both  of  these  it  is 
stated  failed  to  give  satisfaction  and  wrere  discontinued. 

The  city  then  dumped  into  the  Potomac  river  until 
stopped  by  the  City  of  Alexandria.  For  four  years  the 
garbage  was  then  dumped  on  a  farm  and  used  as  a  fer- 
tilizer, until  the  State  of  Maryland  prohibited  same. 

At  present  all  garbage  is  disposed  of  by  the  Chamber- 
lain process  of  reduction  under  a  contract  with  the  Wash- 
ington Fertilizer  Co.  Ashes  and  other  waste  are  depos- 
ited on  the  public  dumps  described  below. 

Paper  and  other  saleable  refuse  is  disposed  of  at  the 
picking  plant  recently  erected  by  the  contractor  for  the 
collection  and  disposal  of  that  class  of  waste,  while  the 
non-saleable  waste  material,  other  than  ashes,  is  burned 
at  the  above  picking  plant.  The  cost  and  method  of  op- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  59 

eration  can  be  seen  from  the  following  extracts  taken 
from  the  annual  report  of  the  superintendent,  for  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1905  : 

Statistical  Summary. 

PUBLIC   DUMPS. 

Number,  maximum  to  minimum 11-8 

Street  sweepings  received,  loads 25,845 

Ashes  received,  loads 72,680 

Earth  received,  loads .  .  . '. 42,937 

Total  loads  received 141,462 

Total  cost $4,876.72 

Cost  per  load  of  material  received 0.0345 

The  dumps  controlled  by  this  department  decreased 
from  16  to  11  in  1904,  and  from  11  to  8  in  1905.  Even 
with  the  limited  number  now  in  use  there  is  almost  con- 
stant opposition  manifested  on  the  part  of  neighboring 
property  owners,  and  a  recurring  agitation  for  the  re- 
moval of  all  department  dumps  to  points  distant  from  the 
city.  This  has  heightened,  and  will  continue  to  do  so, 
the  contract  price  for  the  removal  of  ashes,  as  well  as, 
directly,  our  own  cost  of  street  and  alley  cleaning.  With 
the  marked  outward  spread  taken  by  Washington's  pop- 
ulation in  the  past  ten  years  our  hauls  have  been  corre- 
spondingly increased,  and  within  another  five  years  it 
may  be  necessary  to  use  street  railway  transportation  to 
outlying  parts  of  the  District  from  temporary  storage  sta- 
tions within  the  city  proper. 

To  overcome,  so  far  as  is  possible,  our  manifest  disad- 
vantages over  the  excavation  contractors  who  offer  clean 
earth  to  owners  of  low  lands,  I  am  restricting  the  dump- 
ing privileges  to  such  private  carters  only  as  bring  in 
ashes  reasonably  free  from  paper  and  other  rubbish.  The 


60  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

new  ash-removal  contract  also  provides,  on  the  part  of 
householders,  for  a  strict  separation  from  the  ashes  of 
tin  cans,  old  kitchen  ware,  boxes,  and  the  like,  all  of 
which  in  the  past  have  constituted  the  chief  cause  of  the 
unsightly  appearance  of  our  clumps  and  the  unpopularity 
of  ashes  as  a  good  filling  material.  In  addition,  an  at- 
tempt has  been  made  to  improve  the  appearance  of  the 
present  dumps  by  covering  unsightly  slopes  so  that  veg- 
etation could  secure  a  start,  and  by  burying  objectionable 
material  under  fresh  deposits  of  clean  ashes  smoothly 
leveled  off. 

CITY  REFUSE  COLLECTION  AND  DISPOSAL. 

This  estimate  is  made  up  as  follows,  the  amounts  set 
opposite  the  five  different  classes  of  refuse  being  the 
actual  rates  of  the  contracts  entered  into  under  authority 
of  the  act  approved  January  27,  1905  : 

Collection  and  disposal  of  garbage $78,400.00 

Collection  and  disposal  of  dead  animals 2,360.80 

Collection  and  disposal  of  ashes 54,000.00 

Collection  and  disposal  of  miscellaneous  refuse  16,500.00 
Collection  and  disposal  of  night  soil 16,500.00 

Incidental  expenses : 

Livery  2  horses  and  buggies  for  inspectors.         480.00 
Repairs  to  bicycles,  stationery  and  printing        100.00 


Total $168,340.80 

The  lowest  bids  received  were  much  higher  than  the 
old  contract  prices.  Compared  with  the  expenditures  in 
the  past  fiscal  year  they  show  an  increase  of  $69,270,  or 
about  70  per  cent.  Of  this  sum,  $14,000  represents  in- 
creasing the  ash  collections  from  once  to  twice  weekly 


AND  LIGHT.  61 

during  the  winter  months.     A  detailed  comparison  with 
the  old  contract  prices  is  shown  by  the  following  table : 

Increase 

Classes.  1905.          1906.     (_|_)  or  de- 

crease ( — ). 


Miscellaneous  refuse 

Ashes    

Night  soil 


Garbage  and  dead  animals 


Total 


$8,000.00  $16,500.00 


29,979.00 

17,000.00 

a43,511.00 


54,000.00 
16,500.00 
80,760.80 


98,490.00  167,760.80 


4_$8,500.00 
_f_24,021.00 

500.00 

_)_37,249.80 
_|_69,270.80 


(a)  Contract  price  of  $51,600,  less  $8.089  in  rebates  to  June  30,  1905. 

Over  $37,000  of  the  total  increase  is  for  garbage  and 
dead  animals.  The  present  contractor  has  unquestionably 
lost  money,  and,  whether  because  of  this  or  of  poor  man- 
agement, the  service  rendered  during  the  five  years  of  the 
contract  has  been  notably  poor.  The  bidders  on  the  col- 
lection and  disposal  of  ashes  had  to  face  the  ever-growing 
scarcity  of  dumps  and  the  much  greater  hauls  necessi- 
tated. It  is  estimated  that  at  the  end  of  five  years  there 
will  not  be  a  piece  of  ground  left  nearer  than  Bennings 
on  which  ashes  will  be  permitted  by  the  owners  or  by 
the  organized  bodies  of  citizens  in  the  neighborhood.  It 
is  also  a  fact  that  about  25  per  cent  of  the  householders 
have  not  availed  themselves  of  the  ash  service.  This  in- 
crease is  liable  at  any  time  to  be  thrown  upon  the  con- 
tractor as  prices  for  private  collection  rise  and  as  the  con- 
tractor's service  under  the  new  specifications  is  made  reg- 
ular and  efficient.  Other  reasons  applying  to  all  the  in- 
creases are :  The  normal  growth  in  population  in  the 
five  years  since  the  present  contracts  were  let  and  a 
marked  spreading  out  of  this  population  to  parts  of  the 
District  of  Columbia  outside  the  old  boundary ;  the  higher 
prices  for  labor  and  the  greater  cost  of  feed  and  supplies ; 
the  fact  that  the  former  contracts  for  ashes  and  rubbish 
are  the  first  ever  entered  into  by  the  District,  and  that  the 


62  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

householders  in  general  were  slow  in  availing  themselves 
of  the  public  service;  and,  finally,  that  the  new  specifica- 
tions were  advisedly  made  more  rigid  in  the  determina- 
tion to  secure  a  better  character  of  service  throughout. 
The  following  is  the  form  of  notice  used : 
NOTICE  TO  HOUSEKEEPERS. 

GARBAGE,  ASH  AND  REFUSE  COLLECTIONS. 

Street  Cleaning  Department, 

District  of  Columbia. 

SIR  :  In  order  to  secure  and  maintain  a  satisfactory 
collection  service,  it  is  necessary  that  you  comply  strictly 
with  the  following  synopsis  of  article  14  of  the  police 
regulations.  Thereafter,  please  report  promptly  to  this 
office  any  failure  on  the  part  of  the  contractor. 

HARRISON  STIDHAM,  Superintendent. 

Definitions. — "The  word  'garbage,'  wherever  it  occurs 
in  these  regulations,  shall  be  held  to  mean  the  refuse  of 
animal  and  vegetable  food  stuffs,  except  oyster  and  clam 
shells  from  business  places." 

"The  term  'ashes'  shall  be  held  to  mean  ashes  from  coal 
and  other  fuels,  and  will  include  such  mineral  substances 
as  fallen  plastering,  etc.,  as  may  accumulate  in  connec- 
tion with  the  ordinary  conduct  of  dwellings,  but  not  such 
as  may  result  from  building  operations." 

"The  term  'miscellaneous  refuse,'  under  these  regula- 
tions, means  all  rubbish  and  refuse  (other  than  ashes, 
garbage,  dead  animals,  and  night  soil)  incident  to  the 
ordinary  conduct  of  the  household.  It  will  be  held  to 
include  discarded  floral  decorations,  Christmas  greens, 
and  small  branches  from  shrubs  and  vines,  but  not  any 
cut  grass ;  nor  does  it  include  loam,  wall  paper,  or  other 


AND  LIGHT.  63 

substance  that  may  accumulate  as  the  result  of  repairs  to 
yards  and  dwellings  or  of  other  building  operations." 

Receptacles. — Garbage  shall  be  placed  in  tight  metal  re- 
ceptacles, having  a  cover  and  handle,  of  a  capacity  of  not 
less  than  3  nor  more  than  10  gallons. 

Ashes  shall  not  be  placed  in  receptacles  other  than 
metal,  of  a  capacity  of  not  less  than  10  nor  more  than  24 
gallons,  nor  in  more  than  one  receptacle  containing  less 
than  20  gallons. 

Miscellaneous  refuse  shall  be  placed  in  suitable  recep- 
tacles that  can  be  easily  handled  by  one  man.  Paper  and 
other  light  refuse,  likely  to  be  scattered  or  blown  about, 
if  bundled,  tied,  sacked,  or  otherwise  properly  secured, 
need  not  be  placed  in  receptacles. 

Garbage,  ashes,  and  refuse  must  be  kept  dry. 

Accessibility. — Receptacles  containing  garbage,  ashes, 
and  refuse  shall  be  made  easily  accessible  to  the  collect- 
ors on  collection  days  between  the  hours  of  7  a.  m.  and 
6  p.  m.  The  term  "easily  accessible,"  as  herein  used, 
means  that  receptacles  shall  be  placed  on  the  premises  at 
or  near  the  rear  or  side  gate,  if  collections  are  made  from 
the  rear  or  side,  and  in  front  areaway  or  other  convenient 
place  near  to  the  front  entrance,  if  collections  are  made 
from  the  front. 

General  instructions. — "Owners  and  occupants  of 
premises  having  street  and  alley  entrances,  and  from 
which  material  is  to  be  removed,  shall  place  and  cause 
to  be  kept  placed  conspicuously  at  the  side  and  rear  alley 
entrance  thereof,  the  street  and  number  designations  in 
letters  and  figures,  respectively,  not  less  than  2  inches  in 
height,  so  as  to  be  easily  read." 


64 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


"No  person  shall  alter,  deface,  remove,  or  destroy,  any 
name  of  any  street  or  number  required  to  be  displayed 
J>y  these  regulations." 

"Receptacles  containing  garbage,  dead  animals,  ashes, 
or  miscellaneous  refuse  shall  not  be  placed  or  left  for  col- 
lection upon  any  sidewalk,  street,  avenue,  alley,  or  public 
place  in  the  District  of  Columbia." 

"It  shall  be  unlawful  to  place  or  cause  to  be  placed  to- 
gether in  the  same  receptacle  two  or  more  of  the  above 
classes  of  material,  and  where  such  mixture  results  it 
shall  be  properly  separated  by  the  occupant  of  the  prem- 
ises." 

"Any  person  violating  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  ar- 
ticle shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  punished  by  a  fine 
of  not  less  than  one  nor  more  than  forty  dollars." 


1905. 

1904. 

Garbage  and  dead  animals: 
Garbage  collected  and  disposed  of,  tons.  . 
Dead  animals  collected  and  disposed  of, 
number 

36,417 
9  593 

32,282 
9  432 

Contract  price,  collection  and  disposal.  .  . 
Extra  services 

$51,600.00 
$120  00 

$51,600.00 
$88  00 

Deductions  — 
For  neglect 

$3  692  00 

$723  00 

For  rebate,  at  50  cents  per  ton  

$8  208  68 

$6  141  00 

Total  deduction    .  .        

$11  900  68 

$6  864  00 

Net  cost  to  District 

$39  819  32 

$44  824  00 

Cost  per  ton,  removal  of  dead  animals 
included        

$1  09 

n39 

Ashes: 
Loads  by  District  contractor  only   .... 

22  794 

17  257 

Cubic  yards  —  ditto 

91  176 

69  028 

Contract  price,  collection  and  disposal.  .  . 
Deduclions  for  neglect 

$29,979.00 
$591  00 

$29,979.00 
$176  00 

Net  cost  to  District  

$29,388  00 

$29,803.00 

Cost  per  cubic  yard,  collection  and  dis- 
posal     

$0.32 

$0.43 

HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

65 

1905 

|        1904 

Miscellaneous  refuse: 
Bags  of  paper  by  District  contractor.  .  .  . 
Cubic  yards  of  trash  received  from  pri- 
vate haulers  

155,416 
14  294 

139,215 
(a) 

Contract  price,  collection  and  disposal.. 
Deductions  for  neglect  

$8,000.00 
$89  00 

$8,000.00 
$17  00 

Net  cost  to  District 

$7  91100 

$7  983  00 

Cost  per  bag  of  paper  collected  an'd  dis- 
posed of 

$0  051 

$0  057 

Night  soil: 
Privies  cleaned             .        ...          

26  483 

20  819 

Contract  price,  collection  and  disposal.  .  . 
Deductions  for  neglect 

$17,000.00 
$24  00 

$17,000.00 
None 

Net  Cost  to  District  

$16,976.00 

$17,000  00 

Cost  per  privy  cleaned  

$060 

$0  82 

Ashes  and  rubbish  from  District  buildings  : 
Loads  removed 

3  378 

2  427 

Cubic  yards   

6  756 

4  854 

Contract  rate  per  cubic  yard 

$0  38 

$0  34 

Total   cost,   distributed  among  the  Dis- 
trict departments  availing  themselves 
of  this   service.  . 

$2.567.00 

$1.650.00 

66  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SOME  RECENT  INCINERATOR  BIDS  WITH 
ACCOMPANYING  GUARANTEES. 

GRAND  RAPIDS,  MICH.     Bids  opened  Nov.  27.    1905. 

DECARIE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

Mil  i  n  cap  o  Us,  Mil  i  n . 

(1)  New  steel  building,  with  one  Double  Decarie 
Patent  Garbage  Incinerator,  of  80  tons  capac- 
ity per  day  of  24  hours,  together  with  a  down- 
draft  furnace  with  steam-producing  appliances, 
guaranteed  to  develop  600  horse  power $45,000 

(2)  Old  building,  with  one  Double  Decarie  Pat- 
ent Garbage  Incinerator,  of  80  tons    capacity 

per  day  of  24  hours $40,000 

Guaranteed  to  dispose  of  "kitchen  garbage,  combusti- 
ble refuse  and  rubbish  and  dead  animals  *  *  *  with- 
out emitting  from  the  smoke  stack  or  incinerator  any 
noxious  odors  or  gases,  and  at  a  cost  per  ton  not  to  ex- 
ceed fifty  (50)  cents,  including  labor  and  fuel." 
City  must  pay  on  contract : 

50  per  cent  within  8  days  after  delivery  of  material. 
40  per  cent  when  plant  is  completed  and  ready  to  op- 
erate. 
10  per  cent  when  plant  is  accepted. 

THE:  DIXON  CREMATORY  COMPANY,  of  Toledo.  O. 

(1)  Remodeled  present  crematory,  installing  a 
Dixon  Direct  Draft  Garbage  and  Refuse  Cre- 
mator, of  40  tons  capacity  per  day  of  24  hours.  .$16,398 

(2)  Remodeled  present  crematory,    installing    a 
Dixon  Forced  Draft  Steam-producing  Garbage 

and  Refuse  Cremator,  of  capacity  as  above.  .  .  .    25,100 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  67 

(3)  A  new  fire-proof  building,  installing  a  Dixon 
Forced  Draft,  Steam-producing  Garbage  and 
Refuse  Cremator,  of  capacity  as  above 36,480 

(4)  A  new  building,  installing  a  Dixon  Direct 
Draft  Garbage  and  Refuse  Cremator,  of  capac- 
ity as  above 19,824 

Guaranteed  to  dispose  of  "mixed  miscellaneous  gar- 
bage, kitchen  offal,  refuse,  slops,  dead  animals,  animal  and 
vegetable  matter,  condemned  fruits,  combustible  waste, 
etc.,  etc.,  in  a  sanitary  and  inoffensive  manner." 
City  must  pay  on  contract : 

50  per  cent  upon  delivery  of  the  material. 

40  per  cent  upon  completion  of  plant. 

10  per  cent  after  test  and  acceptance. 

LESTER- VANDERUP  FURNACE  Cov  of  New  York  City. 

Three  Lester- Vanderlip  garbage  destructors, 
of  capacity  of  80  to  120  tons  per  day  of  12 
hours,  with  three  150  h.  p.  water  tube  boilers, 
with  flues,  blowers,  fans,  etc.,  for  producing 
4,000  net  h.  p.  per  day,  at  actual  cost,  plus 
$5,055.19,  the  actual  cost  guaranteed  to  be 
within  5  per  cent  of  estimate,  $20,217.95. 
Total  estimate $25,273.14 

New  building  to  be  constructed  by  city  accord- 
ing to  plans  furnished,  at  estimate  cost  of.  .  20,000.00 

Engines,  dynamos  and  building  to  be  con- 
structed by  city  for  generation  of  electric 
current  for  250  lamps  of  350  watts  each  for 
12  hours  per  day,  at  estimated  cost  of 22,000.00 


Total  cost  of  plant  estimated  at $67,273.14 


68  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Guaranteed  "to  incinerate  80  tons  of  house  refuse 
garbage,  trash  and  dead  animals  in  12  hours  *  *  *  * 
without  the  use  of  any  fuel  other  than  the  garbage  and 
refuse,  and  to  accomplish  this  without  odor  or  smoke  at 
a  labor  cost  not  to  exceed  38  cents  per  ton." 

Every  thirty  days  city  must  draw  warrant  for  money 
expended,  and  pay  the  $5,055.19  final  payment  within 
thirty  days  after  the  plant  is  completed. 

LEWIS  &  KITCHEN,  of  Chicago,  Illinois. 

New  fire-proof  building,  with  one  garbage  crematory  of 
capacity  of  80  to  100  tons  per  day : 

"S"  type,  proposal  "A" $18, GOO 

"S"  type,  proposal  "B" 21,000 

"B"  type,  proposal  "C" 19,533 

"B"  type,  proposal  "D" 21,933 

Series  burning  type,  proposal  "E" 21,140 

Series  burning  type,  proposal  "F" 23,540 

Cost  of  incineration  per  ton,  "A,"  45  cents;  "B,"  35 
cents;  "C,"  45  cents;  "D,"  35  cents;  "E,"  40  cents;  "F," 
30  cents. 

The  crematories  are  arranged  so  that  while  one  division 
is  being  operated  for  combustion  at  high  temperatures, 
one  or  two  others  are  used  for  drying. 

SANITARY  ENGINEERING  COMPANY,  of  New  York  City. 

A  new  building,  with  crematory  of  80  tons  capac- 
ity per  day  of  16  hours $35,000 

"The  cost  of  operation  shall  not  exceed  50  cents  a  ton 
for  garbage  and  swill  incinerated,"  when  crematory,  or 
one  pair  of  cells,  is  burning  at  full  capacity.  If  sewer  con- 
nection is  provided,  cost  will  be  reduced  by  30  cents  per 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  69 

ton  of  fluid  drained  off.  "The  cost  of  incinerating  mis- 
cellaneous refuse  shall  be  less  than  that  of  incinerating 
igarbage." 

City  must  provide  for  "payments  of  reasonable 
amounts"  during  the  progress  of  the  work,  and  the  bal- 
ance within  thirty  days  after  the  tests  have  been  com- 
pleted. 

RACINE,  Wis.    Bids  opened  Jan.  13,  1906. 
For  a  2  5 -ton  incinerator. 

Morse-Boulger  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  $9,900. 

Smead  &  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O.,  $5,650. 

Decarie  Mfg.  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.  (2  bids),  $14,- 
128  and  $13,464. 

Lester- Vanderlip  Furnace  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y., 
$12,000. 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Co.,  Toledo,  O.  (5  bids), 
$9,860,  $9,905,  $8,830,  $8,758  and  $6,998. 

Lewis  &  Kitchen,  Chicago,  111.  (4  bids),  $6,450..  $7,650, 
$7,460  and  $8,020. 

Sanitary  Eng.  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y.  (3  bids),  $9,127, 
$7,150  and  $10,630. 

LEXINGTON,  KY.    Bids  opened  Jan.  4,  1906. 
For  a  50-ton  incinerator. 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Co.,  Toledo  O.  (4  bids), 
$12,610,  $11,644,  $11,999  and  $11,036. 

Decarie  Mfg.  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn.  (4  bids),  $20,- 
600,  $21,960,  $19,640  and  $20,842. 

Lewis  &  Kitchen,  Chicago,  111.  (4  bids),  $12,870,  $13,- 
785,  $18,750  and  $19,875. 

Lester-Vanderlip  Furnace  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y., 
$16,000. 


70  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Morse-Boulger  Destructor  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y., 
$15,800. 

Geo.  H.  Pierson,  New  York,  N.  Y,  $18.000. 

National  Equipment  Company,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  $22,000. 

Smead  &  Co.,  Cincinnati,  O.,  $5,650. 

Sanitary  Engineering  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y.,  $14,217. 

Sanitary  Reduction  &  Constr.  Co.,  Boston,  Mass., 
$35,000. 

Engle  Crematory  Co.,  Des  Moines,  la.     Royalty. 

DETROIT,  MICH.    Bids  opened  Dec.  11,  1905. 
For  a  200-ton  incinerator. 

Report  of  the  Hon.  Controller  to  City  Council  on  same. 
To  the  Honorable  the  Common  Council : 

Gentlemen — In  response  to  advertisements  from  this 
office  inviting  proposals  for  furnishing  the  City  of  De- 
troit with  a  municipal  garbage  disposal  plant  or  plants 
having  an  aggregate  capacity  of  200  tons  per  day,  the 
following  were  received : 

Dixon  Garbage  Crematory  Co.,  Toledo,  Ohio — Four 
50-ton  plants,  $80,000. 

Detroit  Sanitary  Works — Plant  at  French  Landing, 
Mich.,  increased  to  200-ton  capacity,  including  13  acres 
of  land  and  seven  2-story  workmen's  houses,  $100,000. 

Lewis  &  Kitchen,  Chicago,  111. — Plants  of  100-ton  ca- 
pacity : 

Proposal  A — Storage  capacity  50  tons,  one  plant,  $26,- 
540;  two  plants,  $51,600;  cost  of  cremation,  45c  per  ton. 

Proposal  B — Storage  capacity  60  tons,  one  plant,  $31,- 
860;  two  plants,  $59,800;  cost  of  cremation,  40c  per  ton. 

Proposal  C — Storage  capacity  100  tons,  one  plant, 
$35,650;  two  plants,  $68,400;  cost  of  cremation,  30c  per 
ton. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  71 

Proposal  D — Storage  capacity  120  tons,  one  plant, 
$41,080;  two  plants,  $77,800;  cost  of  cremation,  30c  per 
ton. 

Plants  of  200-ton  capacity : 

Proposal  E — Storage  capacity  100  tons,  $52,590;  cost 
of  cremation,  45c  per  ton. 

Proposal  F—  Storage  capacity,  120  tons,  $61,680;  cost 
of  cremation,  35c  per  ton. 

Proposal  G— Storage  capacity,  200  tons,  $69,875  ;  cost 
of  cremation,  25c  per  ton. 

The  following  bids  for  disposal  plants  being  more  or 
less  irregular  and  not  in  accordance  with  specifications, 
were  not  read : 

Decarie  Manufacturing  Co.,  Minneapolis,  Minn. — One 
200-ton  plant,  $81,750;  two  100-ton  plants,  $85,000. 

The  bids  were  construed  by  me  to  be  irregular  in  that 
they  provided  for  the  incineration  of  "combustible  refuse 
and  rubbish"  as  well  as  "garbage,"  a  provision  not  in  the 
advertisement. 

Sanitary  Engineering  Co.,  New  York  City — One  200- 
ton  plant,  $75,000. 

The  bid  was  irregular  in  that  the  proposal  was  accom- 
panied by  a  bond  instead  of  a  certified  check  as  called  for 
by  the  advertisement. 
************** 

The  following  bid  of  the  Engle  Crematory  Co.,  of  Des 
Moines,  la.,  did  not  in  any  respect  comply  with  the  terms 
of  the  advertisement. 

First.  Offer  to  furnish  the  city  the  right  to  use  the 
"Engle  Fuel  and  Process  for  Making"  for  disposal  of 
night  soil,  garbage  and  manure  during  life  of  the  patent, 
the  city  to  furnish  and  own  the  necessary  machinery  for 


72  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

preparing  the  same  for  fuel  and  to  pay  the  company  as 
compensation  therefor  one-half  of  the  net  profits  derived 
from  the  use  of  said  fuel  and  process. 

Second.  Offer  to  furnish  the  right  to  use  the  com- 
pany's crematory,  patents,  the  city  to  pay  as  compensa- 
tion therefor  for  the  services  and  expenses  of  a  superin- 
tendent of  construction  to  be  designated  by  the  com- 
pany, whose  services  and  expenses  shall  not  exceed  $10 
per  day. 

A  letter  was  also  received  from  the  American  Exchange 
Co.,  of  Providence,  R.  L,  who  recommended  two  100-ton 
plants,  and  stated  that  the  company's  apparatus  with 
license  for  life  of  the  patent  would  not  exceed  $75,000  for 
each  100-ton  plant.  The  machinery  necessary  to  com- 
plete plant,  piping,  fittings,  shafting,  setting  up  of  ma- 
chinery and  the  erection  of  a  building  to  contain  the  same 
would  add  to  the  cost  of  each  plant  not  to  exceed  $80,000, 
making  the  estimated  cost  of  each  plant,  exclusive  of  site, 
$155,000.  Neither  this  proposition  nor  that  of  the  Engle 
Crematory  Co.  were  accompanied  by  any  certified  check. 

In  response  to  an  advertisement  inviting  proposals  for 
the  disposal  of  garbage  for  terms  of  one,  three,  five  and 
ten  years,  the  following  were  received : 

Detroit  Sanitary  Works,  Detroit,  Mich.  — 

One  year  contract $24,600  per  year 

Three  year  contract $14,600  per  year 

Five  year  contract $13,600  per  year 

Ten  year  contract $12,000  per  year 

Detroit  Reduction  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 
Ten  year  contract,  no  compensation. 
If  this  proposal  is  accepted  the  company  agrees  if  de- 
sired to  dispose  of  all  household  and  shop  waste,  office  and 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  73 

street  sweepings  and  ashes,  and  all  other  rubbish,  at  25c 
per  ton ;  and  if  ashes  is  kept  separate  from  above,  for  20c 
per  ton.  Disposal  of  night  soil,  25c  per  barrel.  The  com- 
pany agrees  to  sell  its  plant  to  the  city  at  an  appraised 
valuation  at  any  time  prior  to  the  termination  of  the  con- 
tract. 

Nearly  all  of  the  bids  for  disposal  plants  were  accom- 
panied by  more  or  less  elaborate  blue  prints  and  plans 
showing  the  character  of  the  plant  proposed  to  be  erected. 

I  recommend  the  reference  of  all  of  the  above  named 
bids,  together  with  the  plans  and  specifications  therefor 
to  the  Committee  on  Health. 
Respectfully, 

F.  A.  BLADES, 

Controller. 

On  Jan.  20.  1906,  the  Council  confirmed  the  award  of 
the  contract  to  the  Detroit  Reduction  Co.  for  the  free  dis- 
posal of  the  city  garbage  for  a  period  of  ten  years  from 
and  after  July  1,  1906. 

It  is  reported  that  legal  action  will  be  taken  to  restrain 
further  proceedings. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  75 


CHAPTER  VI 


THE  BRANCH  GARBAGE  INCINERATOR. 
(Patented  Nov.  21,  1905.) 

GENERAL  DESCRIPTION. 

(Figs,  land  2.) 

The  incinerator  is  composed  of  two  separate  units  or 
furnaces,  set  at  right  angles  to  each  other  and  so  con- 
nected by  a  by-pass  that  either  one  or  both  can  be  fired, 
and  the  waste  gases  therefrom  led  under  a  battery  of 
boilers  before  escaping  into  the  stack. 

The  first  furnace,  or  "A,"  is  so  connected  with  the  sec- 
ond furnace,  or  "B,"  that  the  heat  and  gases  therefrom 
are  fed  into  the  second  furnace  at  a  point  immediately 
in  the  rear  of  the  bridge  wall,  before  passing  into  the 
boiler  furnaces  and  out  through  stack. 

This  not  only  insures  complete  combustion  and  destruc- 
tion of  all  offensive  gases,  but  gives  an  even  distribution 
of  heat  throughout  the  entire  furnace,  thus  insuring  the 
complete  destruction  of  all  garbage  dumped  into  rear  end 
of  furnace,  the  same  as  nearer  the  fire. 

The  two  furnaces  "A"  and  "B"  are  provided  each  with 
two  separate  sets  of  grate  bars,  one  immediately  above 
the  other.  The  garbage  is  dumped  through  hoppers  upon 
hollow  garbage  supporting  grates,  which  run  transversely 
from  side  to  side,  being  inclined  downwardly. 


76  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

These  water  grates  are  connected  on  the  sides  to  two 
headers,  and  in  the  center  to  a  single  larger  header. 
Through  these  headers  and  connecting  water  grates  the 
feed  water  is  pumped  to  the  boilers,  thereby  securing  a 
positive  circulation,  and  preventing  the  grate  bars  from 
burning  out.  This  also  does  away  with  the  necessity 
of  a  feed  water  heater,  delivering  the  feed  water  at  boil- 
ing temperature  to  the  boilers. 

The  advantage  of  having  these  grates  downwardly  in- 
clined is  to  bring  the  garbage  to  the  center  of  furnace, 
which  is  the  hottest  point,  and  at  the  same  time  prevent 
the  clinkers  from  coming  in  contact  with  the  sides  of  the 
highly  heated  furnace  to  which  they  will  adhere. 

The  two  upper  headers  are  connected  in  the  rear  of 
each  furnace  by  a  "T"  from  which  connection  is  made 
direct  to  the  boilers. 

To  the  lower  header  the  pump  connection  is  made,  into 
which  the  cold  water  from  the  city  main,  or  other  source 
of  feed,  is  pumped. 

The  water  grates  are  expanded  into  the  upper  headers, 
having  first  been  threaded  into  the  lower  or  middle 
header,  thus  exposing  only  one  threaded  joint  of  each 
grate  to  the  direct  heat  of  the  gases. 

The  fire  grates  are  of  the  ordinary  kind  used  for  firing 
coal,  all  made  interchangeable  throughout.  On  the  sides 
of  the  garbage  furnaces  are  openings  for  stoking  the 
garbage.  In  the  ash  pit  under  the  lower  garbage  grates 
swill  pans  are  inserted  into  which  the  liquid  garbage 
thrown  in  the  hopper  above  is  run,  and  which  is  evap- 
orated by  the  heat  of  the  furnace  itself,  passing  out  with 
the  other  gases. 

There  is  an  offset,  or  break,  in  the  rear  of  each  furnace, 
thereby  forcing  the  gases  from  the  upper  garbage  grates 


THE       BRANCH 
GARBAGE  INCINERATOR 


St  Z..UI 


Side   Elevation   and   Vertical   Section   of   Branch    Incinerator. 

Fig.  2. 


CD 


SO  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

to  pass  down  into  the  lower  furnace  before  passing  out. 
By  this  means  the  unconsumed  gases  from  the  upper, 
cooler  and  shorter  garbage  furnace  are  forced  down  into 
the  hotter  and  longer  furnace  below,  where  the  two  are 
mingled  and  entirely  consumed  before  being  discharged 
from  the  first  furnace  into  the  second,  or  from  the  second 
furnace  into  the  boiler  furnaces,  thus  insuring  more  per- 
fect combustion  and  greatly  aiding  the  draft.  By  intro- 
ducing the  heated  gases  immediately  in  rear  of  bridge 
walls,  both  the  combustion  and  draft  are  greatly  in- 
creased. 

Either  natural  or  mechanical  draft  can  be  used,  though 
the  latter  is  preferred,  using  steam  jets  for  small  plants. 

The  entire  structure  is  enclosed  in  a  tank  steel  casing, 
using  angle  irons  as  showrn  in  small  sketch  on  cut. 

A  platform  extends  over  the  furnaces  on  to  which  the 
garbage  carts  are  driven,  and  the  garbage  dumped  direct 
into  the  furnaces. 

This  incinerator  can  be  built  in  single  or  double  units, 
of  any  capacity  desired,  and  insures  the  incineration  of 
garbage  of  every  character,  including  dead  animals  and 
night  soil. 

All  parts  are  interchangeable  and  can  be  bought  in  the 
open  market. 

Any  type  of  boiler  can  be  used,  the  headers  and  water 
grates  being  similar  to  those  used  in  the  ordinary  down 
draft  furnaces. 

The  incinerator  can  be  built  with  or  without  boiler  at- 
tachment, as  shown  in  Figs.  3  and  4. 

PRINCIPAL  ADVANTAGES   CLAIMED. 

No  odor  or  dust,  but  complete  sanitation. 
No  sorting  or  handling  of  garbage  at  plant. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  81 

No  garbage  dumped  on  the  fire  or  on  fire  brick. 

No  auxiliary  furnace  or  checker  work  necessary. 

No  fire  brick  or  tile  used  for  garbage  grates,  as  the 
liquid  garbage  soon  cracks  the  highly  heated  tiles. 

No  uneven  distribution  of  heat  in  furnace. 

Fewest  number  of  threaded  joints  exposed  to  fire  and 
heated  gases. 

No  clinkers  brought  in  contact  with  the  highly  heated 
walls  of  the  furnace,  to  which  they  will  adhere. 

All  garbage  within  sight  and  easy  reach  of  stokers. 

No  water  jackets  or  stay  bolts  used. 

Complete  and  positive  circulation  through  water  grates, 
and  ease  of  access  to  same  at  all  times. 


WASTE     HEAT     UTILIZED     FOR     POWER     OR     HEATING 
PURPOSES. 

Refuse  consumed  per  square  foot  grate  per  hour,  67  Ibs. 

Water  evaporated  per  pound  of  refuse  from  and  at  212 
degrees  Fahr.,  1.8  1'bs.,  average  temperature  of  feed  water 
being  63.4  Fahr.  I.  H.  P.  per  ton  of  garbage  burnt  in  24 
hours,  8. 

Coal  consumed  per  ton  of  garbage,  90  Ibs. 

Average  temperature  of  furnace,  1,800  degrees  Fahr. 

Lowest  temperature,  1,500  degrees  Fahr. 

Average  steam  pressure,  115  Ibs.  per  square  inch. 

Forced  draft  pressure,  1.8  inches  water. 

Steam  consumption  of  jets,  12  per  cent. 

DETAIL  DESCRIPTION. 

(Figs.  5,  6  and  7.) 

The  incinerating  furnaces  or  crematories  5  and  6  are 
duplicate  in  construction  and  arrangement,  and  the  fur- 
nace 5  is  disposed  in  a  plane  at  right  angles  to  the  furnace 


Detail    Front   Elevation   of  the   Branch   Garbage   Incinerator. 

Fig.  5. 

Tank  Steek  Casing  Enclosing  Incinerator. 
Fig.  6. 


84  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

6,  the  rear  extremity  of  the  said  furnace  5  being  formed 
as  a  part  of  the  side  wall  of  the  furnace  6,  as  at  7.  Each 
furnace  5  and  6  has  an  inclosing  wall  8  of  suitable  thick- 
ness and  material  and  of  sufficient  strength  to  permit 
garbage  and  other  vehicles  or  receptacles  to  be  moved  on 
or  over  the  top  thereof  for  clumping  or  deposit  purposes. 
The  top  of  each  furnace  at  an  intermediate  point  has 
garbage-receiving  hoppers  9  adjacent  to  one  side  and 
at  the  opposite  side  a  dead-animal-receiving  hopper  10 
of  greater  diameter,  the  several  hoppers  9  and  10  being 
normally  closed  by  tight-fitting  caps  or  covers  11.  In 
the  front  extremity  of  each  furnace  is  a  suitably-arched 
bridge  wall  12,  and  below  the  plane  of  the  same  is  a  fire 
grate  13  of  any  preferred  form  and  accessible  by  doors 
14.  Below  the  fire  grate  13  the  usual  ash  pit  15  is  pro- 
vided, and  also  rendered  accessible  by  doors  16.  Imme- 
diately in  advance  of  the  bridge  wall  12  and  at  an  ele- 
vation above  the  plane  of  the  fire  grate  13  is  a  garbage  or 
refuse-receiving  grate  composed  of  a  series  of  down- 
wardly-inclined tubular  members  17,  connected  at  their 
outer  ends  to  tubular  headers  18,  held  in  the  side  walls 
of  the  furnace,  and  at  their  inner  ends  to  a  depressed 
header  19,  having  a  greater  diameter  than  the  headers 
18.  The  tubular  members  or  grate  bars  17  and  the 
headers  18  and  19  constitute  a  tubular  grate,  through 
which  water  circulates.  The  tubular  garbage  or  refuse- 
receiving  grate  is  disposed  under  the  hoppers  9  and  10 
and  is  accessible  for  cleaning  purposes  through  the  me- 
dium of  a  rear  door  20.  The  tubular  garbage  or  refuse- 
receiving  grate  can  also  be  readily  reached  for  cleaning 
and  other  purposes  by  a  series  of  doors  21  in  the  rear 
end  of  the  furnace,  As  clearly  shown  by  Fig.  7,  the 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  85 

front  extremities  of  the  central  and  one  side  header  are 
connected  to  a  feed-water  inlet  22,  which  may  be  attached 
to  a  city  main  or  any  other  source  of  supply,  and  secured 
to  the  rear  terminal  of  the  remaining  side  header  and  its 
companion  header  at  the  opposite  portion  of  the  furnace 
is  a  feed-water  outlet  23  adapted  to  be  connected  to  the 
battery  of  boilers  in  any  suitable  manner  to  supply  the 
said  boilers  with'  heated  water  and  by  this  means  dis- 
pensing with  the  necessity  of  a  feed-water  heater  for  the 
boilers.     A  suitable  pump  may  be  used  for  forcing  the 
water   into   the  boilers   from  the  outlet  connection   23, 
Each  furnace  also  has  a  series  of  liquid-hoppers  24  at  one 
side,  which  communicate  at  their  lower  terminals  with 
removable  swill-pans  25,  disposed  transversely  under  the 
garbage  or  refuse-receiving  grate  or  resting  on  the  bot- 
tom of  the  furnace.    The  swill  or  liquid  which  is  deposited 
in  the  hoppers  24  and  passes  into  the  pans  25  is  evapo- 
rated by  the  heat  of  the  furnace  itself,  and  the  gases  gen- 
erated by  such  evaporation  of  the  swill  or  liquid  pass  out 
with  the  remaining  gases.     It  is  also  frequently  necessary 
to  stoke  the  garbage  or  refuse  on  the  tubular  grates,  and 
for  this  purpose  openings  26,  having  suitable  covers,  are 
formed  in  the  sides  of  each  furnace. 

The  fire-grates  of  the  furnaces  are  of  the  ordinary  type 
used  for  firing  coal  and  all  made  interchangeable  through- 
out. In  the  construction  of  the  tubular  grates,  including 
the  members  17  and  the  headers  18  and  19,  the  said  tu- 
bular members  are  first  threaded  into  the  rower  or  central 
header  19  and  then  expanded  into  the  upper  side  headers 
18,  thus  exposing  only  two  threaded  joints  to  the  direct 
heat  of  the  gases.  The  advantage  of  having  the  tubular 
grates  for  receiving  the  garbage  and  other  refuse  down- 
wardly inclined  toward  the  center  of  the  furnace  is  to 


86  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

bring  the  garbage  nearest  to  the  greatest  point  of  heat 
and  at  the  same  time  prevent  clinkers  from  coming  in 
contact  with  the  sides  of  the  highly-heated  furnace,  to 
which  under  other  conditions  they  would  adhere. 

As  before  noted,  either  one  or  both  incinerating  fur- 
naces 5  and  6  may  be  operated,  and  when  both  furnaces 
are  in  use  the  gases  and  products  of  combustion  pass  from 
the  rear  of  the  furnace  5  through  an  opening  27  into  the 
furnace  6  immediately  in  rear  of  the  bridge-wall  12  of 
the  latter  and  under  the  tubular  garbage  or  refuse  receiv- 
ing grate  of  the  said  furnace  6.  By  this  means  the  gases 
and  products  of  combustion  from  the  furnace  5  are  more 
intensely  heated  and  taken  up  in  the  furnace  6  and  pass, 
with  the  gases  from  the  latter,  through  an  opening  28 
into  the  adjacent  furnace  2  under  the  first  boiler  1  of  the 
battery  of  boilers  and  circulate  under  the  said  battery  of 
boilers  for  heating  the  water  in  the  latter  to  produce  steam 
and  power  and  finally  escape  into  the  main  conduit 
or  breeching  4  and  then  pass  into  the  stack  4a.  Be- 
tween the  rear  portion  of  the  inner  side  of  the  fur- 
nace 5  and  the  rear  extremity  of  the  adjacent  side 
of  the  furnace  6  is  a  by-pass  conduit  or  flue  29,  hav- 
ing a  damper  30  near  the  wall  of  the  furnace  5.  The 
opening  27,  forming  communication  between  the  rear 
of  the  furnace  5  and  the  furnace  6,  is  also  provided 
with  a  suitable  damper  31  at  times  to  control  the  joint 
operation  of  the  two  incinerating  furnaces.  When  the 
two  incinerating  furnaces  are  in  operation,  the  damper 
30  of  the  by-pass  29  is  closed,  thereby  forcing  the  gas  and 
products  of  combustion  from  the  furnace  5  to  pass  into 
the  furnace  6  directly  in  rear  of  the  bridge-wall  12  of  the 
latter  furnace,  as  heretofore  explained.  If  the  furnace  5 
alone  is  in  operation,  communication  with  the  furnace  6 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  87 

through  the  medium  of  the  opening  27  is  closed  and  the 
damper  30  opened,  and  under  such  arrangement  the  gases 
and  products  of  combustion  are  liberated  from  the  rear 
of  the  furnace  5  through  the  by-pass  29  and  pass  into  the 
rear  of  the  furnace  6  and  then  escape  through  the  open- 
ing 28  into  the  adjacent  furnace  of  the  battery  of  boilers. 
The  furnace  6  can  be  used  alone  without  operating  the 
furnace  5,  and  under  these  conditions  the  dampers  30  and 
31  will  be  closed.  When  both  furnaces  are  in  operation, 
it  will  be  obvious  that  the  incinerating  capacity  of  the 
plant  is  materially  increased  and  the  gases  and  products 
of  combustion  passing  into  the  furnaces  2  of  the  battery 
of  boilers  1  have  a  considerable  volume,  with  increased 
effectiveness  as  a  heating  means  for  said  battery  of  boil- 
ers. At  the  rear  of  each  furnace,  as  clearly  shown  by 
Figs.  1  and  2,  an  offset  or  break  32  is  provided  which 
forces  the  gases  from  the  upper  garbage  or  refuse-re- 
ceiving grates  to  pass  down  into  the  lower  portion  of  the 
furnaces  before  escaping  from  the  latter.  By  this  means 
the  unconsumed  gases  from  the  upper  cooler  and  shorter 
furnace  are  forced  down  into  the  hotter  and  larger  furnace 
below  where  all  gases  are  mingled  and  entirely  consumed 
before  being  discharged  from  the  first  furnace  into  the 
second  or  from  the  second  furnace  into  the  boiler-fur- 
naces, thus  insuring  more  perfect  combustion  and  aiding 
the  draft.  Furthermore,  by  introducing  the  heated  gases 
immediately  in  rear  of  the  bridge-wall  of  the  furnace  6 
both  the  combustion  and  draft  are  greatly  increased.  This 
same  point  of  introduction  of  the  gases  is  also  carried 
out  with  respect  to  the  furnace  2  under  the  first  boiler  1. 
Either  natural  or  mechanical  draft  is  used  in  connec- 
tion with  the  furnaces,  it  being  preferred  to  employ  me- 
chanical draft  established  by  the  usual  means  or  through 


88  H£AT  AND  LIGHT. 

the  medium  of  steam- jets.  It  is  also  preferable  to  have 
a  platform  structure  over  the  top  of  the  furnaces,  onto 
which  the  garbage-carts  are  driven  to  permit  the  garbage 
to  be  directly  dumped  into  the  incinerating  furnaces. 

The  entire  incinerating  structure,  including  both  fur- 
naces, is  inclosed  by  a  tank  steel  casing  33  (see  Fig.  6), 
having  the  parts  thereof  connected  by  angle-irons  34. 

Ash-doors  25a  are  also  provided  on  both  sides  of  the 
incinerating  furnaces  in  line  with  the  swill-pans,  as  clearly 
shown  by  Fig.  6.  The  breeching  4  at  regular  intervals 
between  the  connections  3  are  provided  with  dampers  4b 
to  permit  the  use  of  one  or  more  of  the  boilers  1,  as  may 
be  desired.  The  opening  28  in  the  rear  wall  of  the  fur- 
nace is  connected  by  a  flue  or  conduit  28a  with  the  boilers, 
said  conduit  continuing  under  the  boilers,  and  through  the 
furnaces  of  the  latter,  as  indicated  by  dotted  lines  in  Fig. 
3,  to  deliver  the  products  of  combustion  and  gases  from 
either  one  or  both  of  the  incinerating  furnaces  to  the  most 
advantageous  points  within  the  said  boiler  furnaces,  and 
to  entirely  cut  off  the  incinerating  furnaces  from  the 
boiler  furnaces  or  battery  of  boilers  and  permit  the  latter 
to  be  used  independently  of  the  said  incinerating  furnaces 
a  damper  28b  is  suitably  arranged  in  the  opening  28  or  in 
the  flue  28a  and  exteriorly  operative. 

One  of  the  most  essential  advantages  in  the  operation 
just  explained  is  complete  combustion  and  destruction  of 
all  offensive  gases  with  an  even  distribution  of  heat 
throughout  the  entire  area  of  each  of  the  furnaces  5  and 
6,  thus  insuring  the  destruction  of  all  garbage  dumped 
into  the  rear  end  of  each  furnace  as  fully  as  the  garbage 
deposited  near  the  fire.  Convenience  in  arrangement  and 
economy  in  expense  of  installment  are  also  material  points 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  any  type  of  boiler  in  the  battery 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

of  boilers  may  be  used.  The  headers  and  water  grates  or 
members  17  are  similar  to  those  used  in  the  ordinary 
down-draft  furnaces,  and  the  remaining  elements  can  all 
be  bought  in  the  open  market  and  do  not  require  a  specific 
construction  to  adapt  them  for  use  in  the  furnaces.  No 
firebrick  or  tile  is  used  in  connection  with  the  garbage- 
receiving  grates,  and  the  inconvenience  resulting  from  the 
liquid  or  moist  garbage  contacting  with  highly-heated 
brick  or  tile  is  obviated. 

As  before  described,  the  tubular  members  or  grate- 
bars  17  are  threaded  into  the  intermediate  or  central  en- 
larged header  19,  and  in  applying  the  said  tubular  mem- 
bers or  grate-bars  they  are  inserted  through  openings  35 
and  36  at  diametrically  opposite  points  in  the  outer  head- 
ers 18,  the  upper  ends  of  the  said  grate-bars  being  ex- 
panded into  the  lower  openings  36  of  said  outer  headers. 
The  outer  openings  35  have  closing-nipples  37  and  are  of 
such  diameter  that  the  grate  members  17  can  be  inserted 
therethrough  and  also  through  the  openings  36,  and  after 
assemblage  of  the  grate-bars  in  the  manner  set  forth  the 
nipples  are  applied  to  the  said  outer  openings. 

The  most  essential  feature  of  this  apparatus  is  the  right- 
angular  arrangement  of  the  incinerating  furnaces  5  and 
6,  and  the  advantage  gained  by  such  disposition  of  the 
furnaces  is  the  increased  length  of  travel  given  the  heated 
gases,  permitting  the  incinerating  furnace  6,  or  second 
unit,  to  not  only  consume  the  unburned  gases  from  the 
first  furnace  5,  but  also  to  assist  the  draft  and  permit  an 
easy  firing  of  all  the  furnaces  of  both  units.  Another  im- 
portant advantage  is  the  arrangement  of  the  incinerating 
furnaces  in  operative  relation  to  the  battery  of  boilers  and 
their  furnaces  for  practical  employment  or  utilization  of 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  91 

the  waste  gases  for  steam-raising  purposes,  yet  have  the 
parts  so  constructed  that  the  battery  of  boilers  is  used 
alone  at  times  when  the  incinerating  furnaces  are  not  in 
operation.  It  has  been  found  that  no  incinerating  plant 
can  be  successful  if  it  does  not  provide  for  a  utilization 
of  the  waste  gases  and  of  the  disposition  of  the  inciner- 
ating furnaces  in  angular  relation  as  specified,  whereby 
waste  gases  are  given  a  greater  range  of  travel  and 
cumulative  in  the  second  incinerating  furnace  or  the  lat- 
ter nearest  to  the  battery  of  boilers.  Outer  water  jackets 
are  also  dispensed  with,  and  the  disadvantages  incident  to 
such  jackets  are  overcome  in  the  present  incinerating 
furnace  structure  by  non-use  of  such  devices.  The  use. 
of  an  auxiliary  furnace  is  not  required  in  the  present 
structure,  and  consequently  the  expense  in  this  direction 
is  further  avoided,  as  well  as  the  unsatisfactory  operation 
of  auxiliary  furnaces. 


92  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

BRANCH  WAGON  WASHER  AND  DISINFEC- 
TOR. 

(Patents  Allowed.) 

The  object  of  this  apparatus  is  to  furnish  an  unlimited 
quantity  of  hot  water,  or  water  having  a  disinfectant  com- 
bined therewith,  which  may  be  discharged  at  any  desired 
pressure  and  temperature  into  the  garbage  wagons, 
whereby  the  same  may  be  quickly  and  thoroughly  cleaned, 
and  if  desired  also  disinfected.  In  order  to  accomplish 
this  two  tanks  are  used  in  conjunction  with  a  boiler  so 
that  while  the  hot  water  is  being  discharged  from  one 
tank,  the  other  tank  is  being  filled  with  water  and  heated. 

DETAIL  DESCRIPTION. 
(Fig.  9.) 

Referring  to  the  Fig.  9(1)  indicates  a  vertical  boiler  in 
which  the  steam  used  in  the  apparatus  for  heating  pur- 
poses and  for  supplying  pressure,  is  generated,  (2)  and 
(3)  indicate  respectively,  two  steel  tanks  for  contain- 
ing water,  or  water  and  the  disinfectant  to  be  employed, 
and  (4)  indicates  a  tank  containing  the  disinfectant. 

This  apparatus  as  installed  by  the  City  of  St.  Louis, 
consists  of  one  40  h.  p.  vertical  boiler,  48x120  inches, 
constructed  by  the  Brownell  Company  of  Dayton,  Ohio, 
and  two  high-pressure  steel  tanks,  3  feet  in  diameter  by 
6  feet  long,  each  of  a  capacity  of  318  gallons.  When 
burning  2  1-3  bushels  of  coal  per  hour,  2,500  gallons  of 
water  at  60  degrees  can  be  heated  to  150  degrees  and 
discharged  under  90-pounds  steam  pressure  per  square 
inch  per  hour.  It  was  put  in  operation  April  1,  1905,  and 
has  since  been  in  continuous  service,  cleaning  and  disin- 


View   Showing    Tanks   and    Connections   of  the    Branch    Garbage 
Wagon   Washer   and    Disinfector. 

Fig.  9. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  95 

f acting  on  an  average  of  seventy-five  wagons  per  day, 
and  without  costing  one  cent  for  repairs. 

Fig.  10  shows  this  apparatus  in  operation. 

Fig.  11  is  a  type  of  animal  wagon  used  by  that  city. 

The  following  letter  from  the  former  Street  Commis- 
sioner sets  out  fully  the  capacity  and  merits  of  this  ap- 
paratus. 

CITY  OF  ST.  LOUIS 

Street  Department, 
Commissioner's  Office. 

May  31,  1905. 
MR.  Jos.  G.  BRANCH, 

Chief  Inspector,  Boilers  and  Elevators, 

City  Hall. 
MY  DEAR  SIR  :— 

The  Garbage  Wagon  Washer  and  Disinfector  designed 
by  you  for  the  use  of  this  Department  has  been  in  opera- 
tion since  April  1st,  1905,  and  giving  perfect  satisfaction. 
With  the  Washer  we  can  heat  300  gallons  of  water  to 
200  degrees  Fahrenheit  in  seven  minutes,  and  by  using 
the  two  tanks  alternately  we  always  have  an  abundant 
supply  of  water.  It  cleanses  and  disinfects  the  wagons 
perfectly,  requiring  about  30  seconds  to  a  wagon. 

Respectfully, 
(Signed)     CHAS.  VARREXMANN, 

Street  Commissioner. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  97 

SPECIFICATIONS 
(Figs.  3  and  4.) 

Covering  the  Construction  of  the  Branch  Garbage  Incin- 
erator of  50  Tons  Daily  Capacity,  of  24  Hours. 

Same  to  be  built  in  accordance  with  the  accompanying 
plan  and  following  specifications  : 


The'  drawings  and  explanations  herewith  submitted  are 
to  be  considered  as  illustrations  and  parts  of  these  specifi- 
cations. General  plans  drawn  to  a  scale  of  1J4  inches  to 
the  foot,  and  detailed  drawings  to  a  scale  of  1  inch,  y2 
inch  and  1-3  inch  to  the  foot  shall  be  furnished  if  de- 
sired. 

GENERAL,  CONSTRUCTION. 

The  incinerator  as  shown  upon  drawings  shall  be  of 
brick  and  steel  construction,  outside  dimensions  8  feet  by 
7  feet  2  inches  by  12  feet  6  inches,  the  outer  shell  of  the 
incinerator  being  %-inch  steel  plates,  securely  held  in 
place  by  angle-iron  supports  at  the  four  corners,  with 
angle-iron  stifreners  around  top  and  bottom  of  the  shell, 
of  the  size  and  dimensions  shown  upon  drawings.  Longi- 
tudinal and  traverse  tie  rods  shall  be  used  for  the  pur- 
pose of  tieing  brick  walls  and  steel  shell  firmly  to- 
gether. 

The  upper  garbage  furnaces  shall  contain  one  central 
drum  in  each,  which  drum  shall  be  10  inches  outside 
diameter,  made  of  special  lap-welded  steel  tubing  with 
walls  Y-2  inch  thick,  and  tested  to  150  Ibs.  per  square  inch 
hydrostatic  pressure.  The  two  lateral  drums  in  each 
furnace  shall  be  made  of  8-inch  extra  heavy  pipe,  and 
also  tested  to  150  Ibs.  per  square  inch  hydrostatic  pres- 


98  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

sure.  The  central  drums  shall  be  each  equipped  with 
one  complete  hand  hole,  with  cover  arch,  bolt  and  gas- 
ket; the  lateral  drums  shall  each  be  fitted  with  one  o1/? 
by  5^ -inch  hand  hole,  complete,  with  cover  arch,  bolt 
and  gasket. 

The  incinerator  shall  be  provided  with  one  steel  drum 
7  feet  by  30  inches,  tested  to  150  Ibs.  hydrostatic  pres- 
sure, and  fitted  with  one  hand  hole,  complete.  Each 
drum  shall  be  further  provided  with  proper  water  glass 
and  gauge  cocks. 

The  garbage  water  tube  grates  shall  be  made  of  2-inch 
special  cold  drawn  seamless  steel  tubing,  spaced  as 
shown  on  the  drawings  from  which  these  specifications 
are  made. 

In  the  8-inch  drums,  directly  opposite  each  of  the 
water  tube  grates,  there  shall  be  located  an  opening  of 
sufficient  size  to  allow  the  tube  to  pass  through  same,  and 
be  threaded  into  central  drum  and  expanded  into  lateral 
drums. 

These  openings  shall  be  provided  with  brass  plugs  of 
the  proper  dimensions.  All  drums  and  water  grates  shall 
be  provided  with  all  necessary  connections,  same  to  be 
of  extra  heavy  pipe.  The  water  inlet  and  outlet  pipes 
shall  be  2J4  inches,  and  the  connections  between  the 
8-inch  drums  shall  be  2  inches.  All  fittings  through- 
out shall  be  extra  heavy,  and  all  valves  used  be  of  the 
best  standard  make.  The  incinerator  shall  be  provided 
with  double  firing  furnaces,  each  furnace  5  feet  wide 
by  6  feet  long,  and  provided  with  standard  double  grate 
bars,  6  feet  long,  with  the  necessary  front  and  back  bear- 
ing bars  for  supporting  same.  The  firing  furnaces  shall 
be  provided  with  twro  cast  iron  fire  doors,  fitted  with 
draught  shutters  and  perforated  liners.  The  firing  doors 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  99 

shall  be  attached  to  furnaces  by  means  of  cast  iron  frames, 
and  each  firing  door  shall  be  provided  with  a  liner  box 
9  inches  deep.  The  ash  doors  shall  be  made  of  14-inch 
tank  steel,  properly  hinged  to  furnace.  The  sides  of  the 
incinerator  shall  be  provided  with  the  proper  number  of 
cleaning-out  doors,  as  shown  in  plans.  On  top  of  the 
incinerator,  directly  over  the  water  tube  grates,  shall  be 
located  two  garbage  chutes  18  inches  inside  diameter, 
made  of  cast  iron,  and  one  animal  chute  30  inches  inside 
diameter,  all  made  of  cast  iron,  and  all  of  which  chutes 
shall  be  fitted  with  heavy  cast  iron  covers  provided  with 
rings  for  lifting  same.  On  either  side  of  the  incinerator, 
and  in  line  with  the  circular  openings  for  garbage  and 
dead  animals,  shall  be  located  one  side  hopper  for  liquid 
garbage,  fitted  with  sliding  valves  held  in  place  with 
angle-iron  guides,  and  fitted  with  counter-weights  and 
wire  cables  for  opening  and  closing  same. 

In  the  bottom  of  the  side  hoppers  shall  be  placed  3-16- 
inch  steel  perforated  drain  plates ;  these  drain  plates  to 
allow  the  discharge  of  all  liquids  from  the  garbage  to 
be  conducted  directly  to  the  evaporating  pan  through 
vertical  drain  pipes,  which  connect  with  flanges  on  the 
bottom  of  the  hoppers  as  shown.  These  drain  pipes  pass 
through  the  shell  of  the  furnace  at  points  indicated  on 
drawings,  and  shall  discharge  all  liquids  as  before  men- 
tioned, directly  into  the  evaporating  pan. 

This  evaporating  pan,  which  is  located  beneath  the 
lower  garbage  furnace,  shall  be  constructed  of  5-16-inch 
steel  plates  with  a  4-inch  live  steam  space  properly  stayed 
to  withstand  a  steam  pressure  of  150  Ibs.  to  the  square 
inch.  Outside  dimensions  being  24  inches  by  IT  inches.  A 
live  steam  connection  from  the  steam  and  water  space  to 
the  evaporating  pan  shall  be  made  of  1^-inch  piping,  fitted 


225-foot  Stack,    Iron    Lined  with    Brick.     200-ton    Incinerator. 

Fig.  12. 


125-foot    Stack    Dimensions   for    50-100-ton    Incinerator. 
Fig.  13. 


102  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

with  necessary  valves  for  opening  same.  This  evaporat- 
ing pan  shall  also  answer  the  purpose,  and  shall  be  used, 
as  an  ashpan,  receiving  the  ashes  which  pass  through 
the  cast  iron  lower  grates.  At  the  under  side  of  the 
evaporating  pan  a  connection  shall  be  taken  from  the 
live  steam  space,  and  by  suitable  piping  the  condensa- 
tion from  the  evaporating  pan  shall  be  led  to  a  steam 
trap,  and  from  there  discharged  into  a  hot  well. 

At  the  front  end  of  the  firing  furnace,  and  securely 
fastened  to  the  shell  of  same,  shall  be  a  combustion  chute 
for  waste  paper,  boxes,  etc.,  fitted  with  suitable  cast  iron 
valve.  The  valve  shall  be  constructed  and  operated  in 
the  same  manner  as  those  in  the  side  hoppers.  This 
combustion  chute  shall  be  constructed  of  j4~mcn  steel 
plates,  firmly  riveted  to  corner  angles,  as  shown,  and  ex- 
tending from  the  front  end  of  the  furnace  to  the  line  of 
unloading  floor,  \vhere  it  shall  be  fitted  with  heavy  angle- 
iron  stiffeners,  and  also  provided  with  wrought  iron 
handles  for  opening  and  closing  same.  There  shall 
be  NO  WATER  JACKETS  OR  STAY  BOLTS  USED 
THROUGHOUT  THE  ENTIRE  CONSTRUCTION, 
EXCEPT  FOR  THE  EVAPORATING  PANS  AS 
ABOVE  SET  OUT.  NO  THREADED  JOINTS 
SHALL  BE  EXPOSED  TO  THE  FIRE,  OR  HEAT- 
ED GASES,  OTHER  THAN  ABOVE  SET  OUT. 

FIRE    DOORS   AND   STOKING   DOORS. 

At  the  sides  of  the  incinerating  furnaces  shall  be  lo- 
cated suitable  firing  and  stoking  doors.  The  upper,  or 
stoking  doors,  shall  give  free  access  to  the  "V"-shaped 
grates,  and  admit  of  the  free  stoking  of  the  material.  The 
lower,  or  fire  doors,  open  directly  to  the  lower  grates. 
These  garbage  fire  doors  and  stoking  doors  shall  be  fitted 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  103 

with  wrought  iron  latches,  so  arranged  as  to  guard 
against  any  possibility  of  doors  being  opened  other  than 
when  necessary  for  stoking,  and  other  purposes. 

Proper  ash  doors  shall  permit  of  easy  access  to  the 
evaporating  pan  located  as  above  set  out. 

INTERIOR  FIRE  BRICK  AND  FIRE  TILE  LINING. 

The  interior  walls  of  the  incinerator  shall  be  of  the 
best  quality  of  fire  brick  and  tile.  Suitable  steel  or 
wrought  iron  anchors  shall  be  used  for  securely  holding 
the  brick  and  tile  in  place.  No  part  of  the  walls  shall  be 
less  than  13  inches  in  thickness,  and  same  shall  be  built 
in  strict  accordance  with  plans  and  drawings  attached. 

SMOKE  STACK. 

(Fig.  13.) 

The  smoke  stack  shall  be  of  brick  construction,  125 
feet  in  height  and  4  feet  in  diameter,  and  constructed  as 
shown  in  detailed  blue  print  herewith  submitted.  There 
shall  be  a  steel  ladder  constructed  and  attached  to  the 
stack,  running  the  full  length  from  roof  to  top  of  stack. 

DUST  CATCHER. 

There  shall  be  a  dust  catcher  chamber,  constructed  ac- 
cording to  the  plans  accompanying  these  specifications. 

MECHANICAL  DRAFT. 

The  incinerator  shall  be  equipped  with  steam  jets  under 
each  firing  furnace,  which  jets  shall  not  consume  more 
than  12%  of  all  steam  generated  at  a  boiler  pressure  of 
110  Ibs.  to  the  square  inch,  and  which  jets  shall  give  an 
ashpit  pressure  of  at  least  1^  inches. 


104  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

POWER  OR  HEAT. 

The  incinerator  shall  be  provided  with  proper  by-pass 
connections,  fire-brick  lined,  of  the  dimensions  shown  on 
the  drawings,  so  as  to  permit  of  the  utilization  of  all  the 
waste  heat  therefrom  for  boiler  power  or  heating,  should 
it  at  any  time  be  desired  to  so  utilize  such  heat. 

The  average  temperature  of  the  garbage  furnaces  shall 
be  at  least  1,500  degrees  Fahrenheit,  when  the  same  are 
charged  to  their  full  capacity,  and  the  waste  heat  there- 
from shall  show  an  evaporation  of  at  least  one  pound  of 
water  from  and  at  212  degrees  Fahrenheit,  for  each 
pound  of  refuse  burned. 

For  larger  size  incinerators  steel  stacks  lined  with  fire 
brick  are  much  less  costly  than  brick  stacks  and  give  good 
service. 

Fig.  12  shows  a  steel  stack  for  a  200-ton  incinerator, 
for  which  the  following  are  proper  specifications,  viz. : 

The  smoke  stack  shall  be  of  steel  construction  225  feet 
in  height,  the  first  50  feet  to  be  7  feet  in  diameter,  and  the 
balance  to  be  6  feet  in  diameter,  and  of  the  weight  and  con- 
struction as  shown  in  detailed  drawings  of  stack,  and  fully 
described  in  separate  stack  specifications.  Stack  shall  be 
properly  held  in  place  by  suitable  bands  and  guy  wires 
fastened  to  anchors  as  shown  upon  drawings.  There  shall 
be  also  a  steel  ladder  constructed  and  attached  to  the  stack, 
running  the  full  length  from  the  roof  to  the  top  of  the 
stack.  Stack  shall  also  be  lined  with  circular  fire  brick 
for  the  first  50  feet  from  the  base. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


105 


HEIGHT  OF  CHIMNEYS. 


Area 
Square 
Feet. 

Diameter, 
Inches. 

75 

Heights  in  Feet. 
80|  85|  90|  95|100|110|  120|  130|  140|  150|  175|  200 
Commercial  Horse  Power. 

3.14 
3.69 

4.28 
4.91 
5.59 
6.31 
7.07 
8  .  73 
10.  5G 
12.57 
15.90 
19  .  63 
23.76 
28.27 
38.48 
50.27 
63.62 
78.54 

24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 
36 
40 
44 
48 
54 
60 
66 
72 
84 
96 
108 
120 

75 

|  90 

78 
92 
106 
122 

81 
95 

127 
144 
162 

1 

98 

130 
149 
168 
188 

...... 

...  i  

133 
152 
171 
192 
237 
287 

120 
137 
156 
176 
198 
244 
296 
352 
445 

164 

185 
208 
257 
310 
370 
468 
577 
697 

1  '  '  ' 
i  .  . 

215 
267 
322 
384 
484 
600 
725 
862 
1173 

1 

279 
337 

400 
507 
627 
758 
902 
1229 
1584 
2058 

i 

413 
526 
650 
784 
932 
1270 
1660 
2102 
2596 

1 

1  "  " 

672 

815 
969 
1319 
1725 
2181 
2693 

I 

1044|  
1422J  
18591983 
2352|2511 
290413100 

i 

The  following  heights  are  recommended  for  chimneys, 
with  the  coals  mentioned :  75  feet  for  free  burning 
bituminous  coal,  100  feet  for  slow-burning  bituminous 
slack,  115  feet  for  slow-burning  bituminous  coal,  125  feet 
for  anthracite  pea  coal,  150  feet  for  anthracite  buckwheat 
coal.  With  such  coal  as  Mt.  Olive,  a  150-foot  stack  is 
recommended.  With  plants  operating  600  or  more 
horse-power  of  boilers,  180  feet  is  the  minimum  height, 
irrespective  of  the  kind  of  coal  that  is  to  be  burned.  For 
large  plants  a  200-foot  stack  is  not  excessive. 


106 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


co 
O 

I— I 

^ 

Q 

CO 

O 

O 
K 

I-H 

CO 


CO 


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HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  107 

The  gauge  and  price  are  determined  by  the  diameter  of 
the  stack.  For  a  stack  10  inches,  to  18  inches  in  diameter, 
use  a  No.  18  gauge  iron,  which  will  cosf  about  5  cents 
per  Ib.  From  18  inches  to  40  inches  diameter,  use  18-inch, 
16-inch  and  14-inch  gauge;  which  will  cost  5  cents  per  Ib., 
and  for  larger  diameters,  use  10-inch  and  12-inch  gauge, 
costing  for  No.  12  gauge  3^  cents  and  No.  10  gauge 
cents  per  Ib. 


108  HSAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  VII. 


STEAM  AND  HOT-WATER  HEATING. 

No  branch  of  engineering  has  made  as  rapid  strides 
in  the  last  few  years  as  sanitary  engineering. 

The  steam  and  hot-air  furnace,  with  their  expense,  dirt 
and  inconveniences,  have  given  way  to  steam  and  hot- 
water  systems  of  heating,  affording  a  luxury  to  the  rich 
and  poor  alike  which  was  formerly  unknown. 

The  various  systems  of  heating  by  steam  may  be 
classed  :  ( 1 )  high-pressure  systems ;  ( 2  )  low-pressure 
systems;  (3)  vacuum  or  exhaust  systems. 

Under  the  class  of  high-pressure  systems  are  all  systems 
that  require  for  heating  a  greater  boiler  pressure  than 
15  pounds  per  square  inch;  in  the  second  class  are  those 
that  operate  between  15  pounds  boiler  pressure  and  the 
atmospheric  pressure,  while  in  the  third  class  are  all  sys- 
tems that  work  at  a  lower  pressure  than  the  atmosphere; 
that  is,  require  a  partial  vacuum  for  their  successful  opera- 
tion. Each  of  these  systems  in  turn  may  be  subdivided 
into:  (1)  the  one-pipe  system;  (2)  the  two-pipe  system; 
(3)  the  two-pipe  system,  with  separate  return  risers;  (4) 
the  overhead  main,  or  drop-supply  system. 

These  subdivisions  are  further  subdivided  into  gravity 
return  systems  and  forced  return  systems. 

In  the  gravity  return  system  the  condensation  flows 
back  to  the  boiler  by  gravity.  To  operate  this  system  it 
is  therefore  necessary  that  the  full  boiler  pressure  be 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  109 

carried  on  the  entire  heating  system,  which  is  unsafe 
and  impractical,  and  it  therefore  is  not  much  in  use. 

In  the  forced  return  system  the  condensation  is  forced 
back  into  the  boiler  from  the  return  mains  of  the  system 
by  the  use  of  a  pump,  steam  trap  or  steam  loop.  To 
operate  this  system  a  reducing  valve  is  necessary,  which 
valve  is  placed  on  the  steam  supply  pipe  to  the  system. 
This  system  is  most  generally  used,  having  the  avdantage 
of  both  safety  and  economy. 

The  main  difference  therefore  between  steam-heating 
systems,  is  the  method  of  returning  the  condensation  to 
the  boiler. 

ONE-PIPE  SYSTEM. 

This  system,  as  shown  in  Fig.  14,  is  the  simplest  form 
of  heating  systems,  and  the  system  now  universally  used, 
when  the  building  or  the  space  to  be  heated  is  not  too 
large.  The  steam  from  the  boiler  is  carried  to  the  risers 
through  one  pipe,  the  condensation  flowing  back  through 
the  same  pipes,  thereby  causing  the  steam  and  condensa- 
tion to  move  in  opposite  directions,  which  is  a  disad- 
vantage, as  the  steam  becoming  wet,  may  cause  a  water 
"hammer."  With  proper  installation,  and  by  keeping  all 
valves  wide  open,  this  can  be  avoided. 

TWO-PIPE  SYSTEM. 

This  system,  as  shown  in  Fig.  14,  has  two  connections 
for  each  radiator,  one  serving  as  an  inlet  for  the  steam 
and  the  other  as  an  outlet  for  the  water  of  condensation, 
the  steam  passing  through  one  pipe  and  the  water  flowing 
back  to  the  boiler  through  the  return  pipes.  In  this  sys- 
tem the  steam  and  water  are  carefully  separated,  and  the 


Q. 

D. 

c 
O 


112  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

circulation  is  therefore  much  better  in  this  system  than 
in  the  one-pipe  system.  The  principal  objection  to  it  i? 
its  first  cost. 

THE   SEPARATE-RETURN   SYSTEM. 

The  only  difference  in  this  system  from  the  ordinary 
two-pipe  system  is  that  each  radiator  is  provided  with 
its  own  separate  return  pipe. 

THE   DROP-PIPE  SYSTEM. 

In  this  system  the  steam  supply  passes  through  a  riser 
direct  from  the  boiler  to  the  highest  point  of  the  system. 
The  radiators  are  connected  to  the  steam  supply  pipe 
with  single  pipes,  the  same  as  in  the  one-pipe  system,  but 
in  this  system  the  steam  and  condensation  move  in  the 
same  direction. 

EXHAUST  OR  BACK-PRESSURE  SYSTEM. 

This  system,  as  shown  in  Fig.  15,  is  a  low-pressure 
system,  having  the  great  economical  advantage  of  per- 
mitting of  the  utilization  of  the  exhaust  steam  from 
engines  and  pumps,  which  would  otherwise  go  to  waste. 

The  steam-heating  main  is  connected  to  the  exhaust 
pipe  from  the  engine  or  pump,  also  to  a  live  steam  pipe 
from  the  boiler.  This  live  steam  when  used  is  made  to 
pass  through  a  pressure  reducing  valve,  which  reduces 
the  pressure  to  the  amount  required  for  the  heating  sys- 
tem. Should  the  supply  of  exhaust  steam  become  ex- 
cessive, the  excess  will  escape  by  the  opening  of  the  back 
pressure  valve  and  its  discharge  into  the  atmosphere. 
When  the  engines  or  pumps  are  stopped  the  steam  in  the 
heating  system  is  prevented  from  passing  backwards  and 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  113 

filling  the  same  with  water  by  the  use  of  a  check  valve. 
The  relief  valve  is  set  to  blow  off  at  a  pressure  of  about 
one  or  two  pounds  higher  than  that  maintained  by  the 
reducing  valve.  The  safety  of  the  system  depends  on 
the  proper  working  of  this  relief  valve. 

As  exhaust  steam  at  five  pounds  gauge  pressure  con- 
tains 971  B.  T.  U.,  the  merit  of  this  system  can  at  once 
be  seen. 

This  system  is  in  universal  use  for  heating  large  office 
buildings  and  entire  business  districts  where  access  can 
be  had  to  steam  power  plants. 

THE  VACUUM  SYSTEM. 

This  system  differs  from  the  exhaust  system  just 
described  in  that  its  operation  causes  no  additional  back 
pressure  on  the  engine  or  pump,  but  removes  at  least 
a  part  of  the  back  pressure  from  same,  as  a  vacuum  is 
constantly  maintained  on  the  returns.  This  farther  permits 
this  system  to  be  operated  either  as  a  high  or  low  pressure 
system,  and  to  secure  its  steam  supply  from  any  source, 
either  as  exhaust  or  live  steam. 

Generally  the  system  is  operated  with  exhaust  steam,  a 
two-pipe  system  being  used.  The  returns  are  connected 
to  a  receiver,  which  collects  the  air  and  water  in  the 
system.  To  this  receiver  is  connected  a  vacuum  pump, 
which  removes  all  the  air  and  water  in  the  system, 
and  maintains  a  vacuum  at  any  desired  degree.  This 
pump  only  removes  the  air  and  water  from  the  system, 
which  are  discharged  into  an  open  tank,  permitting  the 
air  to  escape,  and  the  water  remaining  is  pumped  back 
into  the  boiler,  using  an  ordinary  feed  pump  for  this  pur- 
pose. 


114  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

The  thermostatic  valves  which  are  placed  on  the  return 
end  of  each  radiator  to  open  automatically  when  water 
or  air  passes,  are  made  to  close  when  steam  begins  to 
pass. 

With  this  system  steam  can  be  used  at  a  temperature 
as  low  as  140  deg.  F.,  and  at  the  same  time  the  capacity 
of  the  engine  to  do  work  is  increased.  As  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  steam  used  in  this  system  is  lower  than  in 
other  systems,  the  radiators  must  be  proportionately 
larger. 

The  Webster  vacuum  system,  which  is  shown  in  Fig. 
1C),  is  one  of  the  best  vacuum  systems  on  the  market. 

HOT-WrATER    HEATING. 

Hot-water  systems  are  very  similar  to  the  steam  sys- 
tems described,  except  that  hot  water  flows  through  the 
pipes  and  radiators,  instead  of  steam.  The  hot-water 
system  has  the  great  advantage,  though,  of  the  ease  of 
regulation  of  the  temperature.  With  a  steam  system,  it 
is  necessary  to  regulate  the  temperature  by  turning  on  or 
off  the  steam  entirely,  which  causes  either  too  high  or 
too  low  a  temperature,  unless  operated  carefully. 

With  a  hot-water  system  the  radiators  can  be  kept 
turned  on  at  all  times,  the  regulation  of  temperature  being 
secured  by  varying  the  temperature  of  the  water  flowing 
through  them.  There  are  two  distinct  hot-water  systems 
of  circulation  employed,  one  depending  on  the  difference 
in  temperature  of  the  water  in  the  outlet  and  return  pipes, 
called  gravity  circulation,  and  the  other  called  the  forced 
circulation  system,  in  which  a  pump  is  employed  to  force 
the  water  through  the  mains.  The  first,  or  "gravity  circu- 
lation" system,  is  used  for  dwellings  and  buildings,  and 
the  latter  system  for  large  buildings,  and  wherever  there 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

are  a  long  run  of  mains.  For  the  first  system  usually  a 
sectional  cast  iron  boiler  is  employed,  although  any  type  of 
boiler  may  be  employed.  In  the  second  or  "forced  circula- 
tion" system,  a  heater  to  warm  the  water,  and  a  centrifu- 
gal or  rotary  pump  is  used.  Fig.  17  is  type  of  a  sectional 
cast  iron  boiler. 

A  system  for  hot-water  heating  costs  more  to  install 
than  a  steam-heating  system,  owing  to  the  difference  in 
the  expense  of  the  radiators,  and  the  larger  piping  that 
is  required  but  is  more  economical. 

INDIRECT  HOT-WATER  SYSTEM. 

In  this  system  the  air  to  be  heated  is  taken  from  a  cold 
air  box  in  connection  with  the  space  beneath  the  heater. 
This  air  in  passing  through  the  spaces  between  the  sec- 
tions of  the  heater,  and  becoming  warmer,  rises  to  the 
rooms  above  through  registers  placed  in  the  floors  or 
\valls,  as  most  convenient. 

FORCED-BLAST   HEATING. 

This  system  of  heating  is  used  for  the  warming 
of  factories,  schools,  churches,  or  any  large  building 
where  good  ventilation  is  also  desired.  The  air  to  be 
used  for  warming  is  either  drawn  or  forced  through  a 
heater  of  special  design  by  a  fan  or  blower  and  discharged 
into  ducts  which  lead  to  registers  placed  in  the  halls  to  be 
heated.  By  means  of  a  by-pass  damper,  so  placed  that 
only  part  of  the  air  will  pass  through  the  heater  and  part 
around  and  over  it,  the  proportions  of  cold  and  heated 
air  may  be  so  adjusted  as  to  give  the  desired  temperature 
to  the  air  entering  the  halls. 


Sectional   Boiler  for  Steam   Heating. 
Fig.  17. 


118  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

COST    OF    OPERATION    OF    THE    COLONIAL 
SECURITY  PLANT. 

An  Office  Building  in  St.  Louis. 
-^  William  Toevs,  Engineer. 

Coal  260  tons  at  $1.84  per  ton $478.40 

Wages  for  engine  room 315.00. 

Washing  boilers  on  Sunday 10.00 

Packing,  oils  and  waste.  .  . 25.00 

Repairs    25.00 

Hauling  ashes 35.00 

Total $888.40 

Cr. 

Heat  and  steam  sold $471.00 

Electric  lights,  13,795  K.  W.  at  3c  per  Killo  hour.   413.85 

HEAT  FOR  BUILDING. 

734,400  cu,    ft.  of  air,    for    which    is    required 

12,240  sq.  ft.  radiation,  at  lOc  per  sq.  ft $204.00 

ELEVATORS   FOR   BUILDING. 

30    h.    p.    per   day  of  10  hours,  80  Ibs.  water 

per  h.  p.  hour 2,400  Ibs 

10  h.  p.  for  G  hours  at  night,  80    Ibs,    water 

per  h.  p.  hour 4,800  " 

Total  Ibs.  water  used  per  day 28,800  " 

Per  month  of  26  days 748,800  " 

10  h.  p.  for  48  hours  on  Sundays 38,400  " 


Total  water  used  for  elevators 787,200  Ibs. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  U9 

COAL    CONSUMED. 

Evaporation  1  Ib.  of  coal  to  5  Ibs.  of  water,  787,200  Ibs. 
water  divided  by  5,  equals  157,440  Ibs  of  coal  burned,  or 
73  tons  at  $1.84  per  ton  equals  $134.32.  Adding  35% 
loss  from  friction  pumping  12,000  to  14,000  gals,  of  water 
for  building  daily,  $40.90.  Total,  $181.20. 

6  h.  p.  for  12  hours  at  100  Ibs.  per  hour,  or  7,200 
Ibs.  per  day,  or  21,600  per  month;  21,600  Ibs. 
water  requires  43,200  Ibs.  of  coal,  costing.  .  .  $28.64 

Cost  for  heating  6,000  gals,  daily,  raising  tem- 
perature from  60  to  140  degrees,  requiring 
1  Ib.  of  coal  for  each  2  gals,  of  water,  or  3,000 
Ibs.  coal  daily,  or  90,000  Ibs.  monthly,  cost.  .  $82.80 

Income $1,380.40 

Expense    888.40 


Cr.  to  building $492.00 

The  wages  for  one  of  the  engine  room  employes  should 
be  charged  to  house  expense,  being  $60.00  per  month,, for 
electric  work,  plumbing  and  care  of  radiators. 


120  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


INCINERATORS  COMBINED  WITH  CENTRAL 
HEATING  PLANTS. 

The  success  of  incineration  depends  upon  the  utiliza- 
tion of  the  waste  heat  from  the  furnaces,  and  the  success 
of  central  heating  plants  depend  upon  their  ability  to  ob- 
tain heat  for  their  requirements  at  a  much  less  cost  than 
now  paid  for  coal,  or  the  exhaust  steam  from  neighboring 
power  plants. 

Therefore  the  two  are  to  a  great  extent  mutually  de- 
pendent upon  each  other,  and  especially  is  this  true  as  to 
the  heating  plant,  for  the  waste  heat  from  incineration 
can  be  utilized  for  electric  lighting,  water  works,  sewer- 
age, or  other  power  purposes. 

Of  the  190  central  heating  plants  at  present  in  operation 
in  this  country,  there  is  not  a  half-dozen  of  such  plants 
making  a  dividend,  which  is  due  alone  to  the  necessity  of 
supplementing  the  exhaust  steam  with  coal,  and  this  ap- 
plies alike  to  both  hot-water  and  steam-heating  systems. 
With  coal  at  $2.00  per  ton  and  exhaust  steam  at  3^  cents 
per  1000  pounds,  no  heating  plant  can  be  operated  at  a 
profit  when  charging  the  usual  price  of  18  cents  per  square 
foot  for  radiation,  unless  the  plant  can  obtain  a  sufficient 
supply  of  exhaust  steam  to  do  their  entire  work,  with  the 
system  well  loaded. 

As  it  is  usually  impossible  to  get  such  a  supply  of  ex- 
haust steam  from  neighboring  power  plants,  except  when 


HEAT  A^D  LIGHT.  121 

the  system  is  very  small,  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  a 
good  grade  of  coal  for  the  additional  heat  required,  which 
makes  it  only  a  question  of  time  before  the  plant  will  go 
into  the  hands  of  a  receiver.  While  central  heating  plants 
have  proved  almost  without  exception  financial  failures, 
they  have  given  universal  satisfaction  to  their  patrons, 
and  the  extent  of  their  business  has  been  limited  only  by 
the  heating  company's  refusal  to  make  further  extensions, 
or  accept  more  business.  In  many  cities  the  service  has 
been  so  satisfactory  that  the  patrons  have  volunteered  to 
assist  in  increasing  the  rates  permitted  by  the  ordinance 
under  which  the  company  obtained  its  franchise,  while 
others  seeking  to  obtain  its  service,  have  advanced  to  the 
company  the  necessary  amount  to  have  it  installed  in 
their  residences.  There  can  be  no  question  as  to  the 
popularity  and  the  general  demand  for  central  heating  at 
reasonable  rates.  The  present  difficulty  is  to  so  reduce 
the  expense  of  operation  of  the  plant  so  as  to  permit  of 
such  rates.  This  can  be  done  only  by  obtaining  waste 
heat  in  large  quantities  at  a  small  cost.  The  heat  from 
coal  is  too  expensive,  for  there  is  just  so  many  heat  units 
in  coal,  varying  with  the  grade  of  the  coal,  and  the  num- 
ber of  these  heat  units  can  neither  be  increased  nor 
diminished  by  any  means  in  our  power,  and  the  price, 
therefore,  necessary  to  charge  for  same  in  order  to  operate 
the  plant  with  a  profit,  makes  its  service  in  most  instances 
prohibitive  to  the  general  public.  The  heat  units  in  ex- 
haust steam  can  be  obtained  at  a  must  less  cost,  as  they 
have  assisted  in  performing  work  before  being  allowed  to 
escape  as  waste  from  the  exhaust  of  an  engine  or  pump. 
These  heat  units  are  not  again  available  for  power,  but 
retain  their  value  for  heating  purposes,  and  it  is  on  them 
the  present  heating  plants  must  rely  for  their  success. 


122  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

But  such  supply  is  necessarily  limited.  The  waste  heat 
from  an  incinerator  is  ample  and  the  cost  low  enough  to 
make  it  almost  priceless  in  value  to  heating  companies. 

As  the  heat  from  one  ton  of  refuse  in  incineration  will 
develop  8  H.  P.,  at  a  cost  of  19  cents,  or  2.4  cents  per 
H.  P.,  and  as  one  H.  P.  will  supply  from  150  to  200 
square  feet  of  radiation,  which  can  be  sold  at  least  for  18 
cents  per  square  foot,  the  profit  which  therefore  can  be 
derived  from  the  combination  of  an  incinerator  with  a 
central  heating  plant,  is  amply  sufficient  to  enable  heating 
companies  to  give  satisfaction  not  only  to  their  patrons, 
but  also  to  their  stockholders. 

In  order  for  heating  plants  to  utilize  this  waste  heat, 
it  is  only  necessary  that  they  install  their  boilers  between 
the  incinerator  and  the  chimney,  and  the  waste  heat  to 
be  properly  conducted  under  same  before  being  allowed 
to  escape.  This,  of  course,  means  that  the  heating  plant, 
with  its  pumps,  and  necessary  machinery,  must  be  installed 
within  close  proximity  to  the  incinerating  plant,  but  this 
is  no  objection ;  on  the  contrary,  it  is  an  advantage,  for 
the  same  labor  can  then  operate  both  plants  at  a  con- 
siderable saving.  Should  the  city  operate  the  incinerat- 
ing plant,  then  the  waste  heat  can  be  purchased  outright 
by  a  company  paying  an  agreed  price  per  boiler  H.  P. 
developed ;  or,  for  the  steam  generated  per  1000  Ibs.,  using 
a  steam  or  condensation  meter  for  measuring  same. 

As  incinerating  plants  must  be  operated  continuously 
night  and  day  the  entire  year,  for  at  least  seven  months 
in  the  year  it  makes  this  heat  especially  adaptable  for 
heating  purposes.  During  those  months  when  no  heat 
is  required  by  the  heating  company,  the  heating  system 
can  be  thoroughly  overhauled  and  made  ready  for  the 
next  season's  work.  During  this  period  the  waste  heat 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

in  part  can  be  utilized  for  the  works  purposes  and  the 
balance  either  sold  for  other  purposes,  or  allowed  to  go 
to  waste,  for  there  certainly  should  be  sufficient  profit 
made  during  the  heating  season  alone  to  satisfy  any 
company. 

RADIATORS. 

Fig.  19  shows  the  general  form  of  a  radiator  for  direct 
heating  which  is  similar  for  steam  and  hot  water,  the 
one  difference  being  that  the  sections  are  connected  at 
the  top,  as  well  as  the  bottom,  for  hot  water,  but  con- 
nected only  at  the  bottom  for  steam.  A  cap  is  used  to 
close  the  ends  of  the  top  connection,  and  by  this  the  dif- 
ference in  the  two  radiators  can  be  seen  at  a  glance. 
Radiators  for  indirect  heating  differ  in  construction  so 
as  to  permit  the  cold  air  to  be  heated,  to  be  freely  drawn 
or  forced  around  or  through  them. 

RADIATION  SURFACE. 

The  following  will  show  the  proportionate  radiation 
surface  to  the  cubical  contents  of  the  room  to  be  warmed, 
where  direct  radiation  is  used : 

Bathrooms  and  living-rooms  with  three  exposed  walls 
and  a  large  amount  of  glass  surface  require  an  allowance 
of  1  square  foot  for  each  40  cubic  feet. 

Bathrooms  and  living-rooms  with  two  exposed  walls 
and  a  large  amount  of  glass  surface  require  an  allowance 
of  1  square  foot  for  each  50  cubic  feet. 

Bathrooms  and  living-rooms  with  one  exposed  wall  and 
an  ordinary  amount  of  glass  surface  require  an  allowance 
of  1  square  foot  for  each  60  cubic  feet. 

Sleeping  rooms  require  an  allowance  of  I  square  foot 
for  each  60  to  70  cubic  feet. 


124 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


Halls  require  an  allowance  of  1  square  foot  for  each 
50  to  TO  cubic  feet. 

School  rooms  require  an  allowance  of  1  square  foot  for 
each  60  to  80  cubic  feet. 

Churches  and  auditoriums  having  large  cubical  contents 
and  high  ceilings  require  an  allowance  of  1  square  foot 
for  each  65  to  100  cubic  feet. 

L,ofts,  workshops  arid  factories  require  an  allowance,  of 
1  square  foot  for  each  75  to  150  cubic  feet. 

SIZES  AND  CAPACITY  OF  THE  BRANCH  STEAM  TRAPS. 

No.  0  No.  1  No.  2  No.  3  No.  4 

Height  over   all 48  in.  38  in.  27  in.  18  in.  12  in. 

Size  of  pipe  connection  2%  in.  l1^  in.  1*4  in.  1  in.  %  in. 

Weight    800  Ibs.  300  Ibs,.  130  Ibs.  90  Ibs.  30  Ibs. 

Kineal    ft.    1-inch     pipe 

trap    will    drain 60,000  27,COO  13,500  G,000  2,300 

Capacity    in   sq.    ft.    of 

radiation    22,000  8,500  4,800  2,000  850 

Capacity    in    Ibs.    water 

per    hour    7,100  3,000  1,800  725  225 


The  Branch  Steam  Trap. 
Fig.  18. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  125 

For  indirect  radiators  allow  at  least  50  per  cent  more 
surface. 

As  no  heating  system  can  be  successfully  operated  with- 
out steam  traps  of  sufficient  capacity  to  remove  all  the 
condensation,  opposite  is  given  the  proper  sizes  and  capac- 
ities of  traps  for  this  class  of  work. 

CENTRAL  STATION  HEATING. 

\Yhere  large  districts  are  to  be  heated,  a  central  heating 
station  becomes  necessary,  the  steam  or  hot-water  mains 
from  same  being  laid  underground  through  the  streets. 
Both  steam  and  hot  water  are  used  for  this  character  of 
heating,  but  it  is  generally  admitted  that  where  the  district 
is  large  that  the  hot-water  systems  are  the  best,  as  there 
is  much  less  loss  from  condensation  in  the  mains,  and  the 
temperature  can  be  much  better  regulated.  A's  the  exhaust 
steam  from  some  large  plants  is  generally  used  in  connec- 
tion with  either  of  these  systems,  the  central  heating  plant 
should  be  located  as  near  as  possible  to  it,  and  the  exhaust 
steam  conveyed  through  an  underground  duct  in  as  direct 
a  path  as  possible.  The  equipment  of  the  station  depends 
largely  upon  the  extent  of  the  district  to  be  heated,  it 
being  usual  to  allow  for  steam  heating  1  square  foot  of 
boiler  heating  surface  for  supplying  10  square  feet  of 
radiating  surface,  or  one  boiler  horse  power  to  each  120 
to  200  square  feet  of  radiating  surface,  depending  upon 
whether  steam  or  hot  water  is  used. 


Radiator  for  Steam   Heating. 

Fig.  19. 


£coaoiniicr  11600  Ft. 


Contract  Station   Heating  Plant. 
Fig.  20. 


128  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


COMMERCIAL   CENTRAL    HEATING   STATIONS    IN    PLACES   OF 

3,000  POPULATION   AND   UPWARDS,  WITH    REPORTS 

ON    OPERATION    OF    SAME. 

(The  Municipal  Year  Book.) 
I!ity  or  Town.    Population.  Owner.  Ind.  or  Comb. 

^aconia,   N.   H, ...        8,042    Belknap  El.  Power  Co Independent. 

springfield,  Mass.      62,059    Springfield  Gas  Lt  Co Gas  Wks. 

?awtucket,  R.  I.. .      39,231    Pawtucket  El.  Co El.  Lts.  &  Ry. 

^ew  Haven,  Conn.    108,027    New  Haven  Ht.  Sup.  Co Independent. 

Auburn,  N.  Y 30,345    Auburn  El.  Co El.   Lts. 

Dunkirk,  N.  Y 11,616   A.  W.   Cummings Independent. 

^redonia,  N.  Y....        4,127   Dunkirk  &  Fredonia  R.  R.  Co.. El.  Lt.  &  Rys. 

lornellsville,  N.  Y.     11,918   American  111.  Co El.  Lts. 

Geneva,  N.  Y 10,433    Geneva  Steam  Heating  Co. ..  .Independent. 

.ockport,  N.  Y 16,581    Economy  Lt,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co Lt.   &   Pr. 

Newark,  N.  Y 4,578    Newark  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co El.   Lts. 

STewburgh,  N.  Y..      24,943    Newburgh  Lt,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co.. El.   Lts. 

^ew  York  City. .  .3,437,202   New  York  Steam  Co Independent 

SJ.Tonawanda,N.Y.        9,069    The  Fidelity  Co Independent 

Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.. .        4,650    Penn  Yan  Heating  Co Independent. 

Ulentown,  Pa....      35,416   Allentown  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co Independent. 

Bellefonte,   Pa 4,216  Bellefonte  Gas  Wks Gas  Wks. 

31oomsburg,  Pa...        6,170    Bloomsburg  St.,  Ht.  &  El.Lt.Co.El.   Lts. 

31earfield,   Pa 5,081   Clearfield  Steam  Heating  Co.  .Independent. 

£rie,  Pa 52,733    Home  Htg.  Co Independent. 

Greenville,  Pa 4,814    Peoples  El.  Lt,  Ht  &  Pr.  Co. El.  Lt.  Gas  Wks. 

larrisburg,    Pa...      50,167    Harrisburg  St.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co. Independent. 

rlazelton,  Pa 14,230    Hazelton  Steam  Co Independent. 

Fohnstown,   Pa....      35,936    Citizen  Lt,  Ht  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts. 

^ebanon,  Pa 17,628    Lebanon  Steam  Htg.  Co Independent. 

Lock  Haven,  Pa..        7,210    111.  Power  &  Heat  Co Independent. 

Vtahoney  City,  Pa.      13,504    Charles  D.  Kaier  Co Independent. 

Mt.  Pleasant,  Pa..        4,745    Peoples'   Htg.    Co Independent. 

Phillipsburg,  Pa...        3,266    Phillipsburg  Steam  Htg.  Co.  .  .Independent. 
3hiladelphia,  Pa.  .1,293,697  Independent 

Pottsville,   Pa 15,710    Pottsville  St.,  Ht  &  Pr.  Co. .  .Independent. 

Reading,  Pa 78,961    Reading  St.  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co Independent. 

Scranton,   Pa 102,260    Economy  Ht.,  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co. . .  .Independent. 

Shenandoah,  Pa...      20,321   Shenandoah  Ht  &  Pr.  Co Independent 


AND  LIGHT.  129 

COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL   HEATING  STATIONS— (Continued). 

City  or  Town.    Population.  Owner.                          Ind.  or  Comb. 

Towanda,   Pa 4,663    Towanda  El.   111.   Co El.  Lts. 

Washington,  Pa...  7,670   Washington  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co.. El.  Lts. 

Wilkes  Barre,  Pa.  51,721   Wilkes  Barre  Ht,  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co.Independent, 

Wilkinsburg,  Pa..  11,866    Pennsylvania  Ht  &  Pr.  Co. ..  .Independent. 

York,  Pa 33,708   York  Haven  Traction  Co El.  Ry. 

Cumberland,  Md. .  17,128   Edison  El.  111.  Co El.  Lts. 

Atlanta,  Ga 89,872   Atlanta  Ry.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Ry. 

Columbus,  0 125,560    Indianola  Land  &  Pr.  Co Independent. 

Cochocton,    O 6,473    Merchants  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co... Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

Delaware,  0 7,940    Delaware  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co.... El.  Lts. 

Tiffin,   0 10,989    Edison  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts. 

Toledo,    0 131,822    Yaryan  Htg.  &  Ltg  Co El.  Lts. 

Van  Wert,  O 6,422 

Washington,  C.  H.  5,751   Washmgt'n-Smea'd  Ht.  Watr  Colndependent. 

Youngstown,   O...  44,885   Youngstown  St.  Heating  Co. .  .Independent. 

Bedford,  Ind 6,115    Heat,  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lt.  El.  Ry. 

Bloomington,  Ind..  6,460    Peoples  Lt.  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lt.  Gas  Wks. 

Indianapolis,  Ind..  169,164    Home  Htg.  &  Ltg.  Co Independent. 

La  Porte,  Ind 7,113    La  Porte  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

Marion,  Ind 17,337 

Muncie,    Ind 20,942    Muncie  El.  Lt.  Co El.  Lts. 

Princeton,  Ind....  3,118 

Sullivan,  Ind 6,041 

Terre  Haute,  In'd.  36,6 Y3    Terre  Haute  El.  Co El.  Lts.,  El.  Ry. 

Vincennes,  Ind. . .  10,249    John  Hartigan  Co Independent. 

Grand  Rapids,  Mich.  87,565    Edison  El.   Lt.   Co El.  Lts. 

Houghton,    Mich..  3,259    Peninsula  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co... El.  Lts. 

Lansing,  Mich 16,485    A.  A.  &  F.  B.  Piatt El.  Lts. 

Alton,  Ills 14,210   Alton  Ry.  El.  Lt.  Co.  &  Gas. .  .Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

Belvidere,  Ills 6,937   Belvidere  Heating  Co El.  Lts. 

Bloomington,   111. .  23,286    City  Dist.  Heating  Co Independent. 

Champaign,  111 9,098   Champaign  &  Urbana  Gas  &  El. 

Ry.   Co Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

Charleston,  111 5,488    Charleston  Lt.,  Ht  &  Pr.  Co..Jtil.  Lts. 

Danville,   111 16,354    Danville  Gas,  El.  Lt.  &  St.  Ry.Gas  Wks.E.L.,Ry. 

Decatur,  111 20,754 

DeKalb,  111..  5,904   DeKalk  El.  Co. .                        .  .El.  Lts. 


130 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL   HEATING  STATIONS— (Continued). 


City  or  Town.     Population. 

Evanston,  111 19,259 

Jerseyville,  111 3,517 

LaSalle,  111 10,446 

Mattoon,    111 9,622 

Paris,  111 6,105 

Paxton,  111 3,036 

Pontiac,  111 4,266 

Quincy,  111 36,252 

Springfield,  111 34,159 

Sycamore,  111 3,653 

Taylorville,  111 4,248 

Urbana,  111 5,728 

Janesville,  Wis. . .  13,185 

Kenosha,  Wis 11,606 

La  Crosse,  Wis ....  28,895 

Marinette,   Wis...  16,195 

Boone,  la 8,860 

Burlington,   la 23,201 

Cedar  Rapids,  la. .  25,656 

Davenport,  la 35,254 

Des  Moines,  la. . .  62,139 

Grinnell,  la. 3,860 

Marion,  la 4,102 

Mason  City,  la....  6,746 

Missouri  Valley,  la  4,010 

Muscatine,  la 14,073 

Ottumwa,   la 18,197 

Perry,  la 3,986 

Red  Oak,  la 4,355 

Webster  City,  la. .  4,613 

Albert  Lea,  Minn.  4,500 

Crookston,  Minn . .  5,359 

Owatonna,  Minn..  5,561 

St.   Cloud,   Minn. .  8,663 

St.  Paul,  Minn..  163,065 

Fort  Scott,  Kan..  10,332 

Topeka,   Kan 33,608 


Owner.  Ind.  or  Comb. 

Evanston  Yaryan  Co El.  Lts. 

Jerseyville  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co.. El.  Lts. 

Marquette  Ht.   &  Pr.   Co El.  Lts. 

Mattoon  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts. 

Paris  Gas.,  Lt.  &  Coke  Co Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

Electric  Lt.  Plant El.  Lts. 

Pontiac  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

J.   C.   Hubinger Independent. 

Utilities  Co.  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co.. El.  Lts. 

E.  Hall   El.  Lts. 

Taylorville  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

Urbana  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts. 

Janesville  El.   Co El.  Lts. 

Kenosha  Gas.  &  El.  Co Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

La  Crosse  Gas  &  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

Marinette  Gas,  El.  Lt.  &  St.  Ry.Gas,  El.  Lts.  S.  R. 

John  Reynolds  Co 

Burlington  Ry.  &  Lt.  Co El.  Lts.  Ry.  Gas. 

Cedar  Rapids  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co. El.  Lts. 

Davenport  Gas  &  El.  Co Gas  Wks.  El.  Lts. 

Des  Moines  St.  Htg.  Co Independent. 

Carney  &  Hammond El.  Lts. 

Marion  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts. 

Brice  Gas  &  El.  Co Gas  Wks.  El.  Lls. 

Muscatine  El.  Ry.  Co Gas  El.  Lts.  Ry. 

Ottumwa  E.  &  St.  Co El.  Lts.  Ry. 

Perry  El.  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.  Lts.  Ry. 

Red  Oak  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

Municipal  Plant El.  Lts.,  W.  Wks. 

Albert  Lea  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.   Lts. 

Crookston  W.  Wks.,  Pr.&  Lt.Co.W.  Wks.,  El.  Lts. 
Owatonna  Gas,  El.  &  Htg.  Co. El.  Lts. 

St.  Cloud  W.,  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.   Lts. 

Manhattan  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co.  .El.   Lts, 

Fort  Scott  Consol.  Sup.  Co El.  Lts.,  Ry. 

Edison   Ilium,   Co......... El,   Lts, 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  131 

COMMERCIAL  CENTRAL   HEATING  STATIONS— (Continued). 

City  or  Town.     Population.  Owner.  Ind.  or  Comb. 

Bismarck,  N.  Dak.        3,319    Hughes  El.  Co El.   Lts. 

Grd  Forks,  N.Dak.        7,G52    Grand  Forks  Gas  &  El.  Co Gas  Wks.,  El.  Lts. 

Butte,   Mont 30,470    Phoenix  El.   Co El.   Lts. 

Kansas  City,  Mo. .    163,752    Kansas  City  El.  Lt.  Co El.  Lts. 

St.   Joseph,   Mo.  .  .    102,979    St.  Joseph  Ry.  Lt.,  Ht.  &  Pr.Co.El.  Lts.,  Ry. 

Sedalia,  Mo 15,231    Economy  St.  Htg.  &  El.  Co Independent    (?) 

Waxahachie,  Tex.        4,215   Waxahachie  El.  Lt.  Co El.  Lts. 

Colorado  Spgs. Colo     21,085    Colo.  El.  Co El.  Lts. 

Denver,   Colo 133,859    Denver  St.  Htg.  Co In-dependent. 

Seattle,  Wash 80,671    Seattle  Pr.  &  Ht.  Co Independent. 

Salt  Lake  City,Utah    53,531    Utah  Lt.  &  Pr.  Co El.   Lts. 

Boise,  Idaho 5,957   Artesian  Hot  &  Cold  Water  Co.Water  Works. 

ALBERT  LEA,  MINN.  Population,  4,500 

The  Albert  Lea  Light  &  Power  Co.  are  operating  a 
central  heating  system  in  connection  with  their  central 
station.  They  use  the  Evans,  Almirall  Co/s  hot  water 
system,  and  it  is  giving  practically  no  trouble,  being 
operated  nine  months  out  of  the  twelve.  They  charge 
iT^c  per  square  foot  of  radiation.  They  are  giving 
satisfaction  to  their  patrons.  Single  pipe  system. 

ALTON,  ILL.  Population,  14,210 

The  Electric  Street  Railway  Co.  operate  a  central  heat- 
ing system  which  furnishes  heat  for  certain  portions  of 
the  city. 

The  service  is  reported  to  be  only  fairly  satisfactory, 
owing  to  the  mains  being  in  need  of  constant  repairs. 

ALLENTOWN,  PA.  Population,  35,416 

The  central  heating  plant  in  this  city  is  reported  to 
have  never  been  a  success,  due  it  is  claimed  to  its  original 


132  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

faulty  construction,  and  the  defective  installation  of  the 
mains. 

The  pipes  were  merely  encased  in  wood,  without  other 
insulation.  The  failure  of  this  heating  system  is  one  of 
the  many  due  to  such  defective  insulation,  and  demon- 
strates the  necessity  of  proper  insulation  of  all  mains, 
both  for  economy  and  satisfactory  service.  Without  such 
insulation,  the  system  necessarily  must  be  a  failure. 

AUBURN,  N.  Y.  Population,  30,345 

Auburn  Lt.  Ht.  &  Pr.  Co.  operate  a  central  heating 
plant,  under  a  franchise  granted  by  the  city.  They  use 
live  steam  from  10  to  20  Ibs.  pressure,  using  steam  traps 
which  discharge  into  the  sewers. 

They  have  about  200  customers  and  furnish  heat  only 
in  business  portions  of  the  city.  This  company  has  been 
in  existence  a  number  of  years,  but  is  reported  never  to 
have  been  a  financial  success,  not  making  over  expenses 
and  repairs. 

ATLANTA,  GA.  Population,  89,872 

The  Georgia  Railway  &  Elec.  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  plant,  which  furnishes  heat  to  the  office  buildings 
and  main  business  districts  of  the  city.  This  plant  is  op- 
erated in  connection  with  their  street  railway  and  electric 
lighting  plant. 

The  service  is  entirely  satisfactory. 

BURLINGTON,  IOWA.  Population,  23,201 

The  Peoples  Gas  &  Elec.  Co.  are  operating  a  central 
heating  plant  in  this  city. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  133 

BISMARCK,  N.  D.  Population,  4,500 

The  Hughes  Elec.  Co.  furnish  heat  for  the  N.  Pacific 
Depot  and  Northwest  Hotel. 

BLOOMINGTON,  IND.  Population,  6,460 

The  Peoples'  Gas,  Electric  &  Heating  Co.  have  been 
operating  for  the  past  five  years  a  central  heating  hot- 
water  system  installed  by  the  Schott  Specialty  Co.,  having 
a  capacity  of  125,000  square  feet  of  radiation.  The  plant 
is  fully  loaded,  and  the  company  is  preparing  to  extend 
the  street  mains  during  this  year. 

A  rate  of  1 5  cents  per  square  foot  radiation  is  charged, 
which  is  admitted  to  be  too  low,  although  the  company  has 
been  enabled  by  the  operation  of  their  heating  plant,  in 
connection  with  their  gas  and  electric  plants,  to  earn  a 
small  dividend. 

The  service  given  their  patrons  is  entirely  satisfactory. 

BOISE  CITY,  IDAHO.  Population,  5,957 

A  private  corporation  operates  a  natural  artesian  hot 
water  system,  heating  a  number  of  the  residences  and 
business  houses  of  this  city. 

BuTTE,  MONT.  Population,  30,470 

The  Phoenix  Electric  Co.  are  operating  a  small  heat- 
ing system  in  conjunction  with  their  electric  lighting- 
plant.  They  heat  about  twenty  buildings,  with  45,000 
square  feet  of  radiation,  for  which  they  receive  60c  per 
square  foot  for  the  entire  year,  24  hours  to  the  day,  and 
every  day  in  the  year  when  temperature  is  below  65  de- 
grees. They  carry  from  five  to  ten  pounds  pressure, 


134  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

using  slack  coal  at  $4.50  per  ton  in  bins.  The  engineers 
work  in  three  shifts  of  eight  hours  each,  two  receiving 
$4  per  clay,  and  fireman  $3.50.  They  furnish  some  steam 
at  25-lbs.  pressure,  for  cooking  and  heating  water,  for 
which  they  receive  60c  per  1,000  Ibs.,  measuring  the  con- 
densation with  meter. 

BOONK,  IOWA.  Population,  8,800 

The  L,.  W.  Reynolds  Estate  operate  a  heating  plant 
in  this  city.  For  the  first  year  or  two  the  plant  did  not 
give  satisfaction,  but  for  the  last  two  years  the  service 
has  been  entirely  satisfactory. 

CEDAR  RAPIDS,  IOWA.  Population,  25,650 

The  C.  R.  &  Iowa  City  Ry.  and  Lt.  Co.  operate  a  cen- 
tral heating  station  in  this  city,  which  is  a  success,  both 
in  its  service  and  financial  operation. 

BOROUGH  OF  CI.EARFIEXD,  PA.  Population,  5,081 

The  Clearfield  Steam  Heating  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  station  in  this  city,  wrhich  is  giving  excellent  sat- 
isfaction both  in  the  public  building  and  in  private  resi- 
dences. 

COLORADO  SPRINGS,  Coi.o.  Population,  21,085 

The  Colorado  Springs  Electric  Co.  operate  a  heating 
plant  in  a  limited  way,  supplying  steam  heat  to  buildings, 
being  approximately  5,000,000  cubic  feet.  They  have  used 
both  live  steam  and  exhaust,  and  are  at  present  using  the 
latter. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  *35 

The  system  is  entirely  satisfactory.  They  base  their 
rates  at  50c  per  1,000  Ibs.  of  steam  condensed,  and  use 
condensation  meters. 

CHAMPAIGN,  ILL.  Population,  9,098 

The  U.  &  C.  Ry.,  Gas  &  Electric  Co.  have  been  operat- 
ing a  central  heating  plant  in  this  city  since  1901,  and 
furnishing  heat  to  most  all  business  houses  in  the  city. 
The  system  does  not  extend  out  of  the  business  district, 
except  in  a  few  instances. 

The  service  has  been  entirely  satisfactory. 

DAVENPORT,  IOWA.  Population,  35,254 

The  American  District  Co.  have  been  operating  a  cen- 
tral heating  system  for  about  five  years,  with  entire  sat- 
isfaction to  its  patrons  and  is  reported  to  be  also  a  financial 
success. 

DE>KALB,  ILLS.  Population,  5,904 

The  DeKalb-Sycamore  Electric  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  system  which  was  installed. by  the  Consolidated 
Engineering  Company.  The  company  has  30,000  square 
feet  of  radiation  in  successful  opration,  for  which  they 
receive  35  cents  per  square  foot. 

DANVILLE  ILL.  Population,  16,354 

The  Danville  Street  Railway  &  Light  Co.  operate  a 
central  heating  system,  using  steam  heat,  which  is  re- 
ported to  have  been  fairly  successful.  They  charge  the 
following  rates  for  the  heating  season : 


136  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Residence  rates —  Per    1,000  cubic  feet 

Frame  houses,  less  than  20,000  cubic  feet  contents. $6. 00 
Frame  houses,  more  than  20,000  cubic  feet  contents.  5.75 
Brick  houses,  less  than  20,000  cubic  feet  contents.  5.50 
Brick  houses,  more  than  20,000  cubic  feet  contents.  5.25 

Business  house  rates — 

Front  rooms  only,  on  upper  floors 5.00 

Any  room,  side,  back  and  front  exposure,  less  than 

70   feet   deep 4.00 

Any  room,  side,  back  and  front  exposure,  more  than 

70   feet   deep 3.75 

Rooms,  back  and  front  exposure,  less  than  70  feet 

deep 3.50 

Rooms,  back  and  front  exposure,  more  than  70  feet 

deep 3.00 

Any  building,  more  than  150,000  cubic  feet  contents  2.50 

The  above  rates  are  about  the  average  rates  charged 
throughout  the  country  for  steam  heating.  Where  ex- 
haust steam  can  be  used  entirely,  with  these  rates  a  heat- 
ing system  can  be  made  a  profitable  investment,  but  if 
it  becomes  necessary  to  supplement  same  with  live  steam, 
it  then  becomes  a  question  of  proper  insulation. 

DUNKIRK,  N.  Y.  Population,  11,016 

A.  W.  Cummings  is  operating  a  central  heating  plant 
in  this  city,  furnishing  steam  heat  to  the  public  buildings, 
post  office,  business  houses  and  schools.  It  is  satisfactory 
in  every  respect.  Rates  for  service,  40c  per  1,000  Ibs. 

DENVER,  Coux  Population,  133,859 

The  Denver  City  Steam  Heating  Co.  are  operating  :i 
central  heating  plant  in  this  city,  which  is  entirely  satis- 
factory. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  137 

ERIE,  PA.  Population,  52,733 

The  Erie  Co.  have  been  operating  a  central  heating 
plant  in  this  city  for  the  past  six  years,  and  its  operation 
is  entirely  satisfactory. 

EVANSTON,  Ii.iv.  Population,  19,259 

The  Yaryan  Co.  installed  a  central  heating  plant  in 
this  city,  but  it  is  now  owned  and  operated  by  the  North 
Shore  Electric  Co.  The  service  is  liked  very  much,  the 
only  objection  reported  being  the  price  charged. 

FORT  SCOTT,  KAN.  Population,  10,322 

Mr.  Grant  Hornaday  is  president  of  the  Gas  &  Electric 
Co.,  which  company  operates  the  only  heating  plant  in 
this  city. 

BOROUGH  OF  GREENVIIJ^E,  PA.  Population,  2,800 

A  private  corporation  has  been  operating  a  central 
heating  plant  in  this  city  several  years,  and  its  service 
is  very  satisfactory. 

The  live  steam  from  the  Electric  Light  Plant  is  used 
to  operate  the  same. 

Mains  are  not  more  than  J/£  mile  in  length. 

HoRNEiJ,sviUvE,  N.  Y.  Population,  11,918 

The  American  Illuminating  Co.  are  running  a  central 
steam  heating  plant  in  connection  with  their  electric  light 
plant.  It  has  been  in  operation  seven  years  and  heats  more 
than  100  of  the  largest  buildings,  using  exhaust  steam,  to- 
gether with  live  steam.  The  company  has  about  two 


138  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

miles  of  line,  consisting  of  10-inch,  8-inch,  6-inch,  5-inch 
and  4-inch  mains.  The  loss  in  the  lines  is  slight.  The 
service  is  very  satisfactory  to  all. 

HARRISBURG,  PA.  Population,  50,167 

The  Harrisburg  Steam  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a 
central  heating  station,  which  is  very  successful,  and 
covers  quite  an  extent  of  territory. 

JANESVIU.E,  Wis.  Population,  13,185 

The  Janesville  Electric  Co.  heat  several  buildings  in 
this  city,  near  and  adjoining  their  own,  and  are  giving 
good  satisfaction. 


JERSEYVIU.E,  Iix.  Population,  3,800 

Plant  was  installed  last  year  by  a  private  corporation 
and  is  operated  in  connection  with  the  electric  lighting 
plant  and  water  works.  Is  financially  successful,  and  giv- 
ing. satisfaction  to  its  patrons. 

JOHNSTOWN,  PA.  '     Population,  35,936 

The  Citizens'  Light,  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a  cen- 
tral heating  system  known  as  the  Holly  system,  which 
was  installed  by  the  American  District  Steam  Co.  Ex- 
haust steam  is  used,  which  is  supplemented  with  live 
steam.  They  carry  five  pounds  on  their  mains  at  the 
plant,  and  two  pounds  at  their  most  distant  point,  which 
is  one-half  of  a  mile  from  the  plant.  The  system  is  giv- 
ing satisfaction  to  its  patrons. 

This  company  considers  the  central  heating  system  a 
financial  success,  provided  the  rates  charged  are  in  propor- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  139 

tion  to  the  cost  and  when  most  of  the  business  can  be 
taken  care  of  by  exhaust  steam. 

KANSAS  CITY,  Mo.  Population,  163,752 

The  Metropolitan  Street  Railway  Co.  are  now  install- 
ing a  central  heating  system.  There  is  a  general  desire 
for  its  service,  as  it  will  supply  a  great  need. 

KENOSHA,  Wis.  Population,  11,606 

The  Kenosha  Gas  &  Electric  Co.  are  operating  a  cen- 
tral heating  station.  It  was  one  of  the  first  plants  in- 
stalled in  that  part  of  the  country.  It  is  giving  satisfac- 
tion to  patrons,  and  is  financially  successful. 

LEBANON,  PA.  Population,  17,628 

The  Lebanon  Steam  Co.  have  been  operating  a  steam 
heating  plant  in  this  place  since  1888.  Is  very  satisfac- 
tory as  to  heat,  but  is  reported  not  a  success  financially, 
owing  to  the  rate  charged  being  too  low,  and  the  patrons 
being  much  scattered  over  the  city. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  ARK.  Population  60,000 

The  Litle  Rock  Heating  Company  operate  a  central 
heating  plant,  using  the  Schott  hot-water  system.  This 
plant  was  installed  in  1904  at  a  cost  of  $206,864,  and 
while  it  has  not  proved  a  financial  success,  it  has  given 
entire  satisfaction  to  its  patrons.  The  company  is  now 
being  operated  by  a  Receiver. 

The  net  cost  of  the  plant  was  as  follows  :— 

Site    $     3,000.00 

Materials 110,006.30 


140  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Pay  Rolls 38,771.20 

Interest  and  Discount ,  7,822.52 

Management    9, 274.30 

Supervision    -1,125.00 

Engineer's  Fees    12;COO.OO 

Expenses  of  Engineer  and  Assistants 1,750.00 

Freight    4,385.51 

Drayage    3,504,57 

Office  and  Ground  Rents 480.00 

Miscellaneous  Expenses 945.10 

Cash,  Little  Rock  Heating  Co 10,000.00 


Total    $206,864.50 

The  company  has  175,000  feet  of  radiation  in  opera- 
tion, and  contracts  offered  for  about  100,000  feet  more, 
had  it  been  in  a  position  to  suply  the  demand.  The 
prices  charged  are  17c  per  square  foot  for  radiation,  and 
for  hot  water,  $1.00  per  thousand  gallons. 

The  company  uses  the  exhaust  steam  from  the  Little 
Rock  Railway  and  Electric  Company,  paying  3.85  cents 
per  1,000  pounds  of  steam  received,  which  is  supple- 
mented by  coal. 

The  estimated  income  for  the  heating  year  1905 -U  is 
as  follows : — 

175,000  feet  of  radiation,  at  18c.  $31,500.00 
1,500,000  gals,  hot  water,  at  $1 .  .  1,500.00 
Profit  on  installing  50,000  feet  of 

radiation    6,250.00 — $39,250.00 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  141 

Estimated  cost  of  operating  plant  during  season  of 
1905-06:— 

Exhaust  steam    $  2,100.00 

5,000  tons  slack,  at  $2 10,000.00 

Superintendence,  7  months 875.00 

2  Engineers,  7  months 945.00 

4  Firemen,  5  months 1,000.00 

Oil  and  waste 200.00 

Water    ' 350.00 

Electric  lights    175.00 

Office  rent 300.00 

Office  man 720.00 

Printing,  stamps  and  stationery.  300.00 

Trouble  man,  7  months  at  $75 .  .  .  525.00 

Taxes  and  insurance 800.00 

Maintenance    750.00 

Interest  on  bonds   .  12,500.00— $31,540.00 


Income $39,250.00 

Operating  expenses 31,540.00 


Net  income   $7,710.00 

LANSING,  MICH.  Population,  16,485 

The  Piatt  Heating  &  Power  Co.  own  and  control  the 
central  heating  .plant  and  also  furnish  electric  power  for 
the  Street  Railway  Co.  This  company  has  only  lately 
been  granted  a  franchise  for  general  heating  purposes, 
though  it  has  been  heating  the  state  capitol  and  several 
large  buildings  near  their  plant  for  some  time,  with  en- 
tire satisfaction.  The  company  is  now  extending  its 
mains  so  as  to  include  residence  heating  throughout  the 
city. 


142  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

LOCKPORT,  N.  Y.  Population,  16,581 

The  Economy  Light  &  Fuel  Co.  are  operating  about 
six  miles  of  mains  from  a  central  heating  plant  and  giv- 
ing perfect  satisfaction  to  their  patrons,  which  include 
several  hundred  residences,  business  houses  and  public 
buildings.  Price  is  based  upon  meter  rates.  The  oper- 
ation of  this  plant  has  reduced  to  a  great  extent  the 
smoke  nuisance,  also  the  fire  risk. 

MARINETTE,  Wis.  Population,  16,195 

The  Watson  Heating  Co.  own  and  operate  the  central 
heating  plant  in  this  city.  While  it  is  giving  satisfaction 
to  its  patrons,  it  is  reported  not  a  financial  success. 

MUSCATINE,  IOWA.  Population,  14,07:3 

The  central  heating  station  at  this  place  is  not  now 
being  operated,  nor  has  it  been  in  operation  for  some 
time. 

It  is  reported  not  to  have  been  a  financial  success,  but 
the  service  was  satisfactory. 

NEW  HAVEN,  CONN.  Population,  108,027 

The  New  Haven  Heat  Supply  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  system,  more  or  less  limited  to  the  central  busi- 
ness section  of  the  city.  They  do  a  successful  business, 
and  there  is  general  satisfaction  among  their  patrons. 

NEW  YORK  CITY.  Population,  3,437,202 

New  York  has  no  central  heating  station  in  the  main 
sections,  but  there  are  several  in  the  outlying  districts, 
owned  and  operated  by  private  corporations. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  143 

NEWBURGH,  N.  Y.  Population,  24,943 

Newburgh  Light,  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a  cen- 
tral heating  system  in  connection  with  the  lighting  busi- 
ness of  the  company,  and  supply  a  considerable  portion 
of  the  city  with  steam  heat.  The  system  is  very  popular 
and  gives  entire  satisfaction.  It  is  contemplated  extend- 
ing the  system  so  as  to  take  in  several  streets  not  now 
piped. 

OTTUMWA,  IOWA.  Population,  18,197 

The  Ottumwa  Traction  &  Light  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  system  in  this  city,  using  their  exhaust  steam  for 
this  purpose,  which  plant  it  is  stated  is  not  giving  com- 
plete satisfaction  to  its  patrons,  but  is  a  financial  success. 

OSKALOOSA,  IOWA.  Population,  9,212 

The  Oskaloosa  Traction  &  Light  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  system  in  this  city.'  It  is  a  two-pipe  hot  water 
system,  and  giving  satisfaction  to  its  patrons,  and  is  re- 
ported also  financially  successful. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.  Population,  1,293,697 

There  are  one  or  two  heating  stations  in  the  suburbs 
of  the  city.  None  in  the  central  districts. 

PAXTON,  ILL.  Population,  4,200 

The  electric  light  plant  put  in  central  hot  water  heat- 
ing plant  five  years  ago,  which  system  is  being  used  by 
most  of  the  business  houses,  private  residences,  some 
schools  and  churches. 

A  great  number  of  the  residences  desire  the  service, 
but  owing  to  lack  of  capacity  they  cannot  be  supplied. 
An  extension  of  the  system  is  contemplated. 


144  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

PAWTUCKET,  R.  I.  Population,  39,231 

There  is  a  central  heating  plant  at  this  place. 

PENN  YAN,  N.  Y.  Population,  39,231 

The  Penn  Yan  Steam  Heating  Co.  are  operating  a 
heating  system  at  this  place. 

PITTSBURG,  PA.  Population,  321,610 

The  Penn  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a  central  heat- 
ing plant,  supplying  both  business  and  residence  houses. 
Its  patrons  are  well  satisfied. 

POTTSVIIXE,  PA.  Population,  15,710 

The  Pottsville  Steam  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a  cen- 
tral heating  system  in  this  city,  using  steam  from  a 
central  generating  plant.  The  season  extends  eight 
months,  being  from  October  1st  to  June  1st.  The  plant 
was  installed  in  1888,  and  consists  of  six  horizontal  re- 
turn flue  boilers,  each  72  inches  in  diameter  and  18  feet 
in  length,  developing  about  800  horse-power. 

The  fuel  used  is  small-sized  anthracite  coal,  known  as 
"rice"  and  "buckwheat,"  which  averages  about  $1.25  per 
ton  delivered.  Natural  draft  is  used.  A  steam  pressure 
of  60  Ibs.  square  inch  is  carried,  which  is  reduced  to  15 
Ibs.  minimum  and  30  Ibs.  maximum  pressure,  according 
to  weather  temperature.  The  obstacles  to  overcome  are 
leaks  at  expansion  joints,  about  every  50  feet;  loss  by 
radiation  from  mains  and  laterals ;  also  destruction  of 
same  by  corrosion  and  the  waste  electrical  current  from 
trolley  rails.  The  price  made  to  their  patrons  is  not  any 
higher  than  would  be  the  cost  of  the  operation  of  in- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  145 

dividual  house  plants,  considering  the  constant  and 
abundant  supply  of  heat,  as  well  as  the  convenience  and 
avoidance  of  dust  from  ashes  and  coal  and  the  ease  of 
regulation  of  temperature.  The  service  has  been  en- 
tirely satisfactory  to  their  patrons,  and  the  plant  is  re- 
ported also  a  financial  success. 

READING,  PA.  Population,  78,961 

The  Reading  Steam  Heat  &  Power  Co.  have  been 
operating  a  central  station  heating  plant  eighteen  years. 
The  service  furnished  is  very  satisfactory  to  its  patrons, 
but  is  reported  financially  not  to  be  a  success. 

ST.  CLOUD,  MINN.  Population,  8,603 

It  is  reported  that  the  central  heating  plant  was  not  a 
success  financially,  and  it  is  not  now7  in  operation. 

SCRANTON,  PA.  Population,  102,026 

The  Economy  Light,  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate  a  • 
central  heating  plant,  furnishing  heat  to  the  city  insti- 
tutions, fire  engine  houses,  etc.,  and  also  to  public  build- 
ings, residences,  etc.  The  rate  is  $4.50  per  1,000  cubic 
feet  direct  radiation,  and  $6  per  1,000  cubic  feet  indirect 
radiation.  They  have  been  in  business  a  number  of  years, 
and  giving  general  satisfaction. 

SPRINGFIELD,  MASS.  Population,  62,059 

The  Springfield  Gas  Light  Co.  formerly  operated  the 
"Holly  system"  of  steam  heating,  but  discontinued  it 
some  years  ago.  It  is  reported  that  the  plant  \vas  not 
profitable. 


10 


146  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.  Population,  163,065 

The  American  District  Steam  Heating  Co.  are  install- 
ing a  central  heating  plant  at  this  place,  but  it  is  not  yet 
in  operation. 

ST.  JOSEPH,  Mo.  Population,  102,979 

St.  Joseph  Railway,  Light,  Heat  &  Power  Co.  operate 
a  central  heating  system,  furnishing  heat  to  the  business 
houses,  public  buildings,  etc.,  in  the  business  sections. 
They  use  the  exhaust  system  from  the  light  plant  for 
heating,  and  it  is  giving  satisfaction  to  its  patrons. 

SYCAMORE,  ILLS.  Population,  4,500 

The  DeKalb-Sycamore  Electric  Co.  operate  a  central 
heating  system  which  was  installed  by  the  Consolidated 
Engineering  Company.  The  company  has  30,000  square 
feet  of  radiation  in  successful  operation  for  which  they 
receive  35  cents  per  square  foot. 

SPRINGFIELD,  OHIO.  Population,  38,253 

The  Home  Lighting,  Power  and  Heating  Co.  are  oper- 
ating a  central  heating  system  installed  by  the  American 
District  Steam  Co.  This  plant  was  installed  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1905,  heating  the  central  part  of  the  city  with  the 
exhaust  steam  from  their  power  plant  which  is  located  in 
central  part  of  the  city.  Their  power  plant  furnishes  75 
per  cent  of  the  commercial  lighting  of  the  city  and  their 
income  from  heating  the  forty  buildings  to  which  they 
furnish  heat,  pays  their  coal  bill  for  the  entire  plant,  leav- 
ing a  margin  of  25  per  cent.  The  company  is  preparing 
to  extend  their  system  to  about  thirty  more  buildings.  It 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  147 

is  stated  that  the  system  is  an  entire  success  and  that  in 
zero  weather  they  have  never  received  a  complaint. 

SPRINGFIELD,  Iix.  Population,  34,159 

The  Utilities  Co.  are  operating  both  hot  water  and 
steam  heat  service  from  their  central  plant,  which  also 
furnishes  power  for  street  railway  and  commercial  light- 
ing. The  service  is  reported  to  be  both  satisfactory  and 
profitable. 

The  Springfield  Light,  Heat  and  Power  Company,  of 
Springfield,  Illinois,  has  recently  built  a  new  power  sta- 
tion, for  lighting,  steam  and  hot  water  heating  and  rail- 
way purposes.  This  power  station  is  notable  on  account 
of  the  size  of  the  exhaust  steam  heating  system  supplied 
from  it.  In  the  majority  of  cities  where  exhaust  steam 
or  hot  water  heating  is  being  done,  the  power  stations 
are  of  much  smaller  capacity.  The  heating  system  of  the 
company  at  Springfield  is  one  of  the  largest  operated  by 
any  electric  central  station  company  in  the  country.  About 
200,000  square  feet  of  hot  water  radiators  and  150,000 
square  feet  of  steam  radiators  are  connected  to  this  sta- 
tion. On  account  of  the  exhaust  steam  heating  load,  the 
station  is,  of  course,  equipped  with  simple  non-condens- 
ing engines. 

STATION  PIPING  FOR  HEATING  SYSTEM. 

The  apparatus  for  hot  \vater  and  exhaust  steam  heating 
occupies  considerable  space  in  the  power  house,  and  is  of 
much  more  importance  than  usual  in  a  power  house  doing 
this  kind  of  work.  There  are  two  sets  of  condensers  for 
use  in  heating  water  for  the  heating  system  which  are 
supplemented  by  a  bank  of  fuel  economizers  for  utilizing 


148  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

the  heat  in  the  fuel  gases.  These  three  means  of  heating 
are  not  sufficient  in  the  coldest  weather,  and  two  of  the 
boilers  in  the  station  have  been  fitted  up  so  that  they  can 
be  completely  filled  with  water  and  used  as  hot  water 
heaters.  The  present  arrangement  of  piping  for  hot 
water  heating  in  this  station  is  of  interest  because  it  repre- 
sents the  result  of  the  company's  experiments  and  experi- 
ence along  this  line.  See  Fig.  20. 

The  return  water  as  it  enters  from  the  street,  first  goes 
through  the  circulatingpumps,  from  which  a  12-inch  main 
takes  it  to  a  header  to  which  are  connected  the  six  Stahl 
condensers  in  multiple.  In  multiple  with  these  condensers 
there  are  also  three  fuel  economizers.  After  leaving  the 
economizers  and  first  bank  of  condensers  the  water  passes 
to  the  two  3,000-foot  Schott  condensers.  These  latter 
condensers  are  also  connected  in  multiple.  After  leaving 
the  vSchott  condensers,  all  the  water  must  pass  through 
the  water-tube  boilers,  which  are  connected  in  series,  un- 
less the  by-pass  on  the  boilers  is  open,  in  which  case,  of 
course,  the  boilers  would  be  out  of  use.  After  leaving 
the  boilers  the  water  flows  to  the  outgoing  street  main. 

The  important  thing  to  notice  in  this  piping  arrange- 
ment, is  that  the  boilers  are  connected  in  series  with  the 
rest  of  the  heating  apparatus.  Attempts  to  operate  the 
boilers  in  multiple  with  the  o<ther  heating  apparatus  have 
not  resulted  satisfactorily. 

So  far  only  the  connections  of  the  hot  water  circulating 
system  have  been  considered.  The  connections  of  the 
condensers  to  the  exhaust  steam  main  which  runs  the 
length  of  the  engine  room  are  very  simple.  These  con- 
densers are  simply  "dead-ended"  onto  the  exhaust  main. 
That  is,  one  end  is  connected  to  the  exhaust  main  and 
the  other  is  closed.  The  condenser,  therefore,  takes  ex- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  149 

haust  steam  as  fast  as  it  can  be  condensed  by  water  cir- 
culating in  the  condenser.  Precautions  are  taken  to  let 
out  whatever  air  that  may  accumulate  in  the  condenser, 
just  as  in  a  one-pipe  steam  radiator.  The  exhaust  steam 
main  in  the  engine  room  basement  is  divided  by  valves 
into  two  parts. 

STATION   PERFORMANCE. 

The  station  was  designed  with  simple  non-condensing 
Corliss  engines,  for  the  obvious  reasons  that  the  exhaust 
steam  was  needed  for  heating  purposes.  There  is  also  a 
further  reason  that  coal  is  so  exceedingly  cheap.  The 
economical  performance  at  this  station  as  regards  coal 
consumption  is  very  interesting,  because  of  the  light  it 
throws  on  the  question  which  always  comes  up  in  station 
design  where  coal  is  very  cheap,  viz. :  is  the  saving  by 
compounding  and  condensing  sufficient  to  pay  interest 
and  maintenance  on  the  cost  of  the  compounding  and 
condensing?  The  coal  consumption  of  this  station,  during 
those  portions  of  the  year  when  exhaust  steam  is  not  used 
for  heating  is  about  10  Ib.  per  kw-hour. 

The  maximum  load  on  the  station  is  now  about  2,300 
kw. 

The  hot  water  heating  system  is  carried  as  far  as  one 
mile  from  the  station.  The  exhaust  steam  heating,  of 
course,  does  not  cover  so  great  a  distance.  The  Powers 
automatic  temperature  regulators  are  used  on  all  hot 
water  services  to  prevent  waste  of  heat.  The  company 
find  it  economical  to  do  this  rather  than  to  depend  on  cus- 
tomers to  shut  off  radiators;  when  the  room  gets  above 
a  certain  temperature  the  customers'  regular  method  is 
to  open  the  windows  wider. 


150  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Steam  Rates — Direct  radiation,  25c.  per  square  foot 
per  annum;  indirect  radiation,  30c.  per  square  foot  per 
annum;  economizing  coil,  15c.  per  square  foot  per  annum; 
meter  rate,  50c.  per  thousand  pounds  water,  with  dis- 
counts for  quantity. 

Hot  Water  Rates — Per  square  foot  radiation,  15c.  The 
payments  are  made  in  eight  installments  as  follows :  Oc- 
tober 1,  5  per  cent;  November  1,  10  per  cent;  December 
1,  15  per  cent;  January  1,  20  per  cent;  February  1,  20 
per  cent;  March  1,  15  per  cent;  April  1,  10  per  cent;  May 
1,  5  per  cent. — Electric  World. 

TAYLORVIU.E,  ILL.  Population,  3,800 

Plant  in  operation  for  about  nine  years  in  connection 
with  electric  light  plant.  It  is  giving  perfect  satisfaction  to 
both  patrons  and  the  company,  the  plant  being  a  paying 
investment.  The  owners  of  this  plant  advocate  a  steam 
system  in  preference  to  hot  water,  a  plant  of  ample  size 
and  the  mains  not  run  too  great  a  distance. 

TERRE  HAUTE,  IND.  Population,  30,073 

The  Citizens  Mutual  Heating  Co.  have  been  operating 
two  seasons.  The  capacity  of  this  plant  as  now  com- 
pleted is  250,000  square  feet  of  radiation.  It  is  probable 
than  an  additional  100,000  square  feet  will  be  installed 
for  the  winter  of  190G-Y. 

The  company  has  at  present  132  patrons.  In  its  pres- 
ent condition,  after  paying  operating  expenses,  the  com- 
pany states  that  they  will  have  an  excess  of  $10,000, 
which  will  leave  a  surplus  after  paying  interest  on  the 
bonds  and  0  per  cent  on  the  stock,  and  if  fully  loaded, 
that  they  could  pay  10  per  cent  or  12  per  cent  dividend. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  151 

The  rate  charged  is  17  cents  per  square  foot  of  radia- 
tion. The  Schott  two-pipe  hot  water  system  is  used. 

From  reports  the  company  is  giving  entire  satisfac- 
tion to  all  its  patrons. 

The  Terre  Haute  Traction  &  Light  Co.  and  the  Citi- 
zens' Mutual  Heating  Co.  both  operate  central  heating 
systems.  The  former  company  only  operate  a  small 
steam  heating  system  from  the  exhaust  steam  from  one 
of  its  engines.  This  small  plant  was  one  of  the  first  of 
its  kind  installed  by  the  American  District  Steam  Co. 
For  the  last  six  years  this  heating  plant  has  been  operated 
with  more  success  than  prior  to  its  purchase  by  this  com- 
pany, 'and  it  is  expected  by  them  in  the  near  future  to 
make  it  at  least  pay  expenses. 

The  rates  charged  are  as  follows  : 

Business  buildings,  per  season— 
For  direct  radiation  .............  22j/4c  per  square  foot 

For   indirect   radiation  ...........  27j/^c  per  square  foot 

For   cooling  coils  ...............  ITj^c  per  square  foot 

Residences,  dwellings,  flats,  stables,  etc.— 
For  direct  radiation  .............  25c      per  square  foot 

For  indirect   radiation  ...........  30c      per  square  foot 

For  cooling  coils  ...............  I7^>c  per  square  foot 

TOI^DO,  OHIO.  Population,  131,822 

The  Yaryan  central  heating  station  has  been  operating 
in  this  city  a  number  of  years,  and  is  reported  to  be  giving 
general  satisfaction. 


OHIO.  Population,  10,989 

The  TifHn  Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Co;  operate  a 
central  heating  plant  in  connection  with  their  light  plant, 


152  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

and  it  is  considered  a  good  investment,  and  giving  general 
satisfaction. 

TOPEKA,  KAN.  Population,  33,608 

The  Topeka  Edison  Co.  have  been  operating  a  central 
heating  system  for  about  nine  years.  This  company  has 
approximately  $00,000  invested  in  their  system,  and 
operate  same  in  conjunction  with  their  lighting  and 
power  plant,  utilizing  the  exhaust  steam  as  far  as  possi- 
ble, supplemented  by  live  steam.  They  find  it  necessary 
to  carry  from  three  to  six  pounds  of  back  pressure  on 
their  engines,  which  are  cross-compound. 

While  this  increases  the  steam  consumption  per  horse- 
power, this  excess  load  on  the  engines  is  better  than  a  cor- 
responding electric  road.  In  other  words,  with  the  same 
boiler  horse-power  they  cannot  earn  the  same  net  money. 
Their  system  is  an  underground  system  and  was  in- 
stalled by  the  American  District  Steam  Co. 

They  sell  the  steam  by  the  meter  system  only,  the 
rates  charged  being  as  follows : 

First  100,000  Ibs.  water 60c  per  1,000  Ibs. 

Second  100,000  Ibs.  water 50c  per  1,000  Ibs. 

Excess   Ibs.    water 45c  per  1,000  Ibs. 

The  company  insist  on  having  supervision  over  the 
consumers'  piping  and  on  the  use  of  economy  or  cooling 
coils,  the  water  of  condensation  being  discharged  into 
the  sewer.  They  have  120,000  square  feet  of  radiation, 
which  heats  approximately  10,000,000  cubic  feet  of  space. 
The  average  temperature  of  their  locality  from  October 
1st  to  May  1st  is  43.9  degrees. 

The  service  is  giving  entire  satisfaction. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

YORK,  PA.  Population,  38,708 

The  Edison  Electric  Light  Co.  are  operating  a  central 
heating  plant  in  connection  with  their  power  plant,  using 
live  steam  from  the  New  Haven  Power  Co.  The  plant  is 
giving  satisfaction  to  their  patrons,  and  doing  a  pros- 
perous business. 

SUMMARY. 

Under  ordinary  conditions  for  steam  heating  one  horse 
power  will  heat  in  brick  buildings  15,000  to  20,000  cubic 
feet ;  in  brick  stores,  10,000  to  15,000  cubic  feet ;  in  brick 
dwellings,  10,000  to  15,000  cubic  feet;  in  brick  churches, 
brick  shops,  etc.,  8,000  to  12,000  cubic  feet;  wooden 
dwellings,  8,000  to  10,000  cubic  feet 

The  water  of  condensation  in  a  steam-heating  system 
is  led  into  a  steam  trap  and  thence  allowed  to  flow  through 
a  "cooling  coil,"  before  being  discharged  into  the  drain- 
age system. 

Where  the  exhaust  steam  is  used  in  connection  with 
a  hot-water  system,  the  water  to  be  warmed  is  heated  by 
the  steam  in  large  heaters,  similar  to  feed-water  heaters, 
and  circulated  through  the  mains  by  means  of  centrifugal 
pumps. 

INSULATION  AND  COST. 

The  underground  distributing  system  mains  in  either 
system  must  be  properly  insulated  or  the  loss  by  condensa- 
tion will  be  very  great. 

Fig.  21  shows  a  form  of  insulation  which  has  proved 
quite  satisfactory.  Using  this  insulation,  the  hot  water 
has  been  sent  out  through  a  two-pipe  balanced  system  six 
and  one-half  miles  or  thirteen  miles  out,  and  returning  at 
a  loss  of  only  30  degrees,  the  water  being  sent  out  at  a 
temperature  of  170  degrees,  and  returning  at  140  degrees. 


154  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

This  insulation  as  shown  in  the  above  figure,  consists  of 
all  mains  and  laterals  being  enclosed  in  two  2-inch  cypress 
boxes  y*  inch  between  each  box,  which  space  is  filled  with 
hair  felt  and  spaced  for  air.  The  inner  space  around  the 
two  pipes  is  packed  with  pine  shavings.  All  mains  are 
laid  with  a  cover  of  at  least  2  feet  of  earth,  the  mains 
and  laterals  being  standard  full  weight  wrought  iron  pipe. 

When  compressed  air  is  used  for  the  closer  regulation 
of  the  thermostatic  valves,  the  small  air  pipe  should  be 
laid  on  top  of  the  outer  box,  as  shown  in  Fig.  21. 

The  following  is  the  cost  per  foot  for  this  insulation 
for  a  12-inch  main  : 

Insulation    $  1.40 

12-inch  pipe  double  main 7.20 

Air  line 25 

Shavings  to  fill  main 15 

Tar-paper  and  tar 15 

Labor  for  excavating 50 

Labor  for  filling  in 50 

Drayage  and  labor  for  laying .        .75 

Tees,  expansion  joints 2.00 

Valves  and  tapping  mains 1.50 

Extra  insulation  for  tees  and  manholes  for  valves 

and  expansion  joints 1.50 

Total $14.40 

The  cost  of  a  10-inch,  8-inch,  6-inch  and  4-inch  main  is 
smaller,  but  the  difference  in  the  cost  of  the  pipe  is  the 
main  difference  in  the  total  cost  of  insulation. 


CENTRAL    STATION    HEATING. 

Two   Pipe    Insulation. 

Fig.  21. 


156  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

PHYSICAL  VALUE  OF  A  TWO-PIPE  HOT 
WATER  SYSTEM. 

12     inch  line  2,350  ft $3,238.30 

10       "       "        580  " 653.23 

8       "       "     5,550  " 4,1.47.52 

6       "       "     6,340  " 2,582.63 

5    .   "       "     1,720  " 536.21 

4       "       "     6,280  " 1,458.21 

3       "       "    4,730  " 722.15 

%y2   "       "     1,750  " 216.30 

2        "       "     1,670  " 129.26 

l*2   "       "        550  " 31.96 


Total 31,520  ft.  single  main $13,695.77 

2  2 


63,040  ft.  double  main $27,391.54 

INSULATING  AND  LAYING  PIPE  PER  FOOT. 

Insulation,  20c  per  foot,  63,040  feet $12,608.00 

Laying  pipe,  per  foot  $1.30,  31,520  feet 40,976.00 

Valves  and  tapping  mains,  $1.00  per  foot,  31,- 

520  feet 31,520.00 

Extra   insulation   for  T's   and  manholes,    for 
valves  and  expansion  joints,   50c  per  foot, 

31,520  feet    15,760.00 

Air  line,  25c  per  foot,  31,520  feet 7,880.00 

Freight  and  hauling  pipe 7,890.08 

Boilers,  tools  and  equipments 12,750.00 

Building  and  site 6,000.00 

$162,775.62 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  157 

RATES  CHARGED  BY  CENTRAL  HEATING 
PLANTS. 

In  systems  using  STEAM  for  heating,  the  rates  charged 
are  based  (1)  Upon  the  number  of  pounds  of  steam  con- 
densed per  season;  (2)  Upon  the  cubical  contents  of 
space  to  be  heated,  usually  per  1000  cubic  feet;  (3)  Upon 
the  square  feet  of  heating  surface  installed. 

In  those  systems  using  HOT  WATER  for  heating,  the 
rates  charged  are  based  (1)  Upon  the  number  of  square 
feet  of  radiation  installed;  (2)  Upon  the  cubic  contents 
of  the  space  to  be  heated  for  the  season,  usually  per  1000 
cubic  feet. 

In  estimating  the  amount  of  heat  required  to  maintain 
the  constant  temperature  desired,  the  amount  of  air  to 
be  heated  per  hour  must  first  be  determined,  and  the  heat 
loss  due  to  glass  and  wall  exposures  per  hour  also  deter- 
mined. With  this  known,  the  total  heat  required  can  be 
calculated,  also,  taking  into  consideration  the  average 
velocity  of  the  wind  and  the  changes  of  the  air  each  hour, 
as  the  average  building  will  have  from  two  to  six  changes 
per  hour. 

Among  the  leading  companies  installing  central  heating- 
plants,  is  the  American  District  Co.,  Evans,  Almirall  & 
Co.,  Schott  Specialty  Co.,  and  the  Stahl  Heaing  Co. 


158  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  A  COMPLETE  HEATING 

PLANT. 

GENERAL. 

These  specifications  are  intended  to  cover  a  complete 
heating  plant  in  all  details,  and  if,  in  these  specifications, 
anything  is  needed  to  make  the  plant  complete  in  accord- 
ance with  the  intent  hereof,  then  in  that  case  it  shall  be 
furnished  by  the  contractor  without  any  further  charge 
to  the  purchaser. 

DEFINITION  :  Whenever  the  word  "purchaser"  is 
hereinafter  referred  to,  it  shall  be  understood  to  mean 

the Heating  Company,  of 

Whenever  a 

"contractor"  is  hereinafter  referred  to,  it  shall  be  under- 
stood to  mean  the 

of  Whenever  a.  classifica- 
tion hereinunder  is  specified  and  no  mention  is  made  of 
either  the  purchaser  or  contractor,  it  shall  be  understood 
that  the  contractor  is  to  do  the  described  work. 

REAL  ESTATE. 

A  piece  or  parcel  of  land  shall  be  furnished  by  the  con- 
tractor to  the  purchaser,  the  same  to  be  located 


POWER  HOUSE. 

Upon  the  above-described  piece  of  real  estate  there 
shall  be  installed  a  substantial  brick  power  house  by  the 
contractor,  the  same  to  be  of  neat  design  and  suitable  for 
the  purpose  of  building  therein  the  necessary  appurte- 
nances for  a  complete  central  station  heating  plant, 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  159 

BOILERS. 

There  shall  be  installed  a  sufficient  amount  of  heating- 
surface,  the  same  to  be  divided  into  the  number  of  units 
adapted  for  the  work,  sufficient  heating  surface,  together 
with  exhaust  steam  which  is  to  be  furnished  to  the  plant 
by  the  company  from  the  power  house  of  the  railway  and 
electric  company,  sufficient  capacity  to  handle  at  10  de- 
grees above  zero square  feet  of  radiation,  the 

same  being  operated  with  a  hot  water  circulation.     The 

above-described  boilers  shall  be  of  the 

or  some  other  water  tube  type  equally  as  good.  They 
shall  be  equipped  with  shaking  grates  and  the  necessary 
tools  for  the  firing  of  the  same. 

SMOKE  STACK. 

A  smoke  stack  of  the  proper  diameter  and  height  shall 
be  installed  for  each  battery  of  two  boilers.  Same  shall 
be  carried  from  the  top  of  the  boiler  settings  and  main- 
tained by  a  guy  stub  set  in  the  proper  position. 

BOILER  FEED  PUMPS. 

There  shall  be  furnished  two  bronze-fitted  boiler  feed 
pumps;  each  pump  should  have  sufficient  capacity  to 
handle  the  entire  plant  with  a  piston  speed  not  to  exceed 
100  feet  per  minute. 

FEED  WATER  HEATER. 

There  shall  be  furnished  a  feed  water  heater  and  puri- 
fier of  sufficient  capacity  to  furnish  boiler  feed  water  for 
the  number  of  boilers  that  will  be  necessary  for  the  opera- 
tion of  the  plant  in  question.  It  shall  also  be  of  sufficient 
size  to  purify  the  water  used  in  the  heating  system. 


160  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

CIRCULATING  PUMP. 

There  shall  be  furnished  two  bronze-fitted  special  de-- 
signed hot  water  circulating  pumps,  to  be  used  for  the 
purpose  of  circulating  the  water  in  the  heating  system. 
They  shall  have  a  capacity  of  not  less  than  fifteen  gal- 
lons of  water  each  per  minute.  They  shall  be  erected 
upon  the  proper  foundations  by  the  contractor  and 
equipped  with  automatic  governors. 

PLACING,  REGULATING  AND  RECEIVING  PUMPS. 

There  shall  be  furnished  the  necessary  pumps,  the 
same  erected  upon  foundations  and  equipped  with  an 
automatic  governor  to  relieve  the  apparatus  from  con- 
densation, maintain  the  necessary  vacuum  on  the  system, 
and  to  make  the  plant  complete  in  all  its  details. 

VACUUM  PUMPS. 

There  shall  be  installed  a  vacuum  pump  of  sufficient 
capacity,  the  same  to  be  bronze-fitted  throughout,  to 
handle  the  exhaust  steam  which  is  to  be  received  from 

the   plant.     Same  shall  be  erected 

complete  upon  foundation  to  be  furnished  by  the  con- 
tractor. 

CONDENSERS. 

There  shall  be  furnished  two  condensers,  one  of 

feet  size,  one  of feet  size.  The  same  shall  be  de- 
livered and  erected  complete  upon  foundations  furnished 
by  the  contractor. 

PIPE  CONNECTIONS. 

The  contractor  shall  furnish  all  necessary  valves,  fit- 
tings, pipe,  labor,  etc.,  so  as  to  connect  up  all  the  above 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  161 

described  apparatus  so  as  to  be  complete  in  all  its  details 
and  in  a  good  and  workmanlike  manner. 

PIPE  COVERING. 

After  all  of  the  appartus  has  been  installed  and  con- 
nected, all  pipe  and  fitting  shall  be  covered  with  an  ap- 
proved pipe  covering. 

AIR   COMPRESSOR. 

There  shall  be  furnished  one  air  compressor,  same  hav- 
ing a  capacity  of  ...  feet  of  free  air  per  minute.  The  same 
shall  be  equipped  with  the  necessary  regulators,  storage 
tanks,  etc. 

GAUGE  BOARDS. 

There  shall  be  furnished  one  marble  gauge  board,  the 
same  having  mounted  thereon  all  the  necessary  gauges, 
thermometer,  etc.,  for  the  indicating  of  the  proper  work- 
ings of  the  system. 

PIPE  LINE. 

The  pipe  line  to  be  laid  in  the  various  streets  in  the 

city  of    shall  be  laid  by  the 

contractor  and  shall  consist  of  the  following  pipe  lines: 

feet  of  14-inch  main. 

feet  of  12-inch  main. 

feet  of  10-inch  main. 

feet  of    8  inch  main. 

feet  of  main  which  shall  be  of  such  average 

sizes  so  as  to  equal  the  cost  of  6-inch  main. 

LOCATION  OF  MAINS. 

The  mains  shall  be  located  in  such  parts  of  the  streets 
as  found  convenient  on  account  of  construction  condi- 
tions. The  mains  shall  be  so  laid  as  to  have  a  cover  of 
earth  of  at  least  two  feet,  excepting  in  such  places  as 

XI 


162  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

obstructions  are  encountered ;  then,  in  that  case,  the  mini- 
mum depth  from  surface  of  street  of  top  of  insulation 
shall  be  at  least  twelve  inches. 

MATERIALS. 

The  materials  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  the  pipe 
lines  in  question,  shall  consist  of  gum  lumber  of  the 
proper  thickness  and  lengths,  the  same  to  be  of  a  first- 
class  quality. 

The  pipe  shall  be  of  standard  wrought  full-weight 
pipe,  of  the  Crane  or  National  Tube  Company's  manu- 
facture, or  something  equally  as  good.  All  fittings  shall 
be  of  standard  grey  iron  and  true  as  to  weights,  etc.  The 
pipe  lines  shall  be  protected  throughout  with  a  system  of 
valves  and  expansion  joints.  Wherever  valves  or  ex- 
pansion joints  are  put  into  the  system,  they  shall  be  sur- 
rounded with  a  brick  manhole  with  a  cast  iron  top,  so 
as  to  permit  of  free  access  to  the  same.  The  expansion 
joints  shall  be  so  arranged  that  there  will  not  be  any 
undue  strain  on  any  of  the  fittings  in  the  system. 

SERVICE  OPENINGS. 

Service  openings  shall  be  made  in  the  system  as  needed 
to  provide  for  the  taking  off  of  service  connections.  They 
shall  average  at  least  one  to  every  100  feet  of  main. 

TEST. 

As  the  street  work  is  installed,  it  shall  be  tested,  so  as 
to  be  tight  under  a  pressure  of  not  less  than  60  pounds. 

RE-PAVING. 

Whenever  any  of  the  lines  are  laid  in  streets  which 
have  been  paved,  the  pavement  shall  be  replaced  in  as 
good  a  condition  as  found, 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  163 

TIME  OF  COMPLETION. 

The  work  herein  contemplated  shall  be  completed  and 

in  full  running  order  by    ,   in 

accordance  with  the  minimum  terms  of  the  franchise. 

FINALLY. 

During  the  construction  of  the  plant  the  contractor 
shall  furnish  all  the  engineers  and  superintendents  neces- 
sary for  the  complete  building  of  the  plant,  together  with 
the  measuring  of  the  buildings  and  making  of  contracts 
for  the  heating  of  the  buildings.  As  soon  as  the  plant 
is  ready  for  operation  the  purchaser  shall  measure  all 
buildings  and  make  all  heating  contracts  and  shall  pro- 
vide the  necessary  attendants  for  the  operation  of  the 
plant,  together  with  all  the  necessary  fuels  and  materials 
for  the  proper  operation  of  the  same.  The  contractors 
shall  furnish  for  a  period  of  thirty  (30)  days,  if  neces- 
sary, an  expert  to  instruct  the  superintendent  of  the  heat- 
ing company  in  the  proper  management  and  operation  of 
the  plant. 

GUARANTEES.  ' 

The  contractor  guarantees  the  plant  shall  be  complete 
in  all  details  and  operate  successfully  as  a  central  station 
heating  plant,  and  any  defects  developing  in  one  year 
shall  be  replaced  by  contractor  without  expense  to  pur- 
chaser. 

SYSTEM. 

The  system  shall  be  what  is  known  as 

,  and  shall  be  built  under  the 

direction  of  . 


164  HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 

CONTRACT  FOR  SUPPLYING  EXHAUST 
STEAM  FOR  HEATING. 

This  contract  and  agreement  between  the 


Company,  the  party 
of  the  first  part,  and  hereinafter  designated  the  "Vendor," 
and  the  .................  .  ...............   Heating 

Company,  the  party  of  the  second  part,  hereinafter  desig- 
nated the  "Purchaser,"  witnesseth  : 

That  the  vendor  does  agree  to  sell  to  the  purchaser  the 
use  of  the  exhaust  steam  from  its  main  engines  for  the 
purpose  only  of  heating  water  distributed  by   the  pur- 
chaser to  buildings  in  and  around  the  city  of  ........  . 

................  on  the  following  conditions,  each  of 

which  is  a  part  of  the  consideration  in  this  agreement  : 

First  —  That  vendor  shall  supply  an  outlet   from  the 
exhaust   of    each   main    engine    in   its   power   house   on 
.........................  ,  and  from  this  point  pur- 

chaser shall  install  and  maintain  at  its  own  expense  all 
pipe,  valves,  fittings  and  accessories,  necessary  to  con- 
duct the  exhaust  steam  from  the  engines  of  the  vendor 
to  the  plant  of  the  purchaser,  and  the  condensed  steam 
from  the  plant  of  the  purchaser  to  the  hot  well  in  the 
power  house  of  the  vendor,  according  to  plans  approved 
by  the  vendor  and  in  a  manner  satisfactory  to  the  ven- 
dor, and  in  such  a  manner  and  at  such  times  as,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  vendor,  will  not  interfere  with  the  oper- 
ation of  the  vendor's  plant,  provided  that  the  vendor  shall 
not  impose  conditions  on  the  prosecution  of  the  wrork 
such  as  to  prevent  the  completion  by  the  purchaser  of  its 
work  inside  the  power  house  in  sixty  (GO)  working  days. 

Second  —  That  purchaser  shall  pass  through  its  heaters 
part,  or  all,  of  the  exhaust  steam  delivered  by  the  majn 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

engines  of  the  vendor  between  November  1,  1906,  and 
May  1,  1907,  and  for  the  last  three  and  first  four  months 
of  each  succeeding  year  during  the  life  of  this  contract, 
and  shall  pay  for  the  use  of  this  steam  three  and  eighty- 
five  one-hundredths  (3.85)  cents  for  each  one  thousand 
(1,000)  pounds  of  steam  received. 

It  is  further  agreed  by  the  purchaser  that  the  total 
payment  between  November  1,  1906,  and  May  10,  1907, 

shall  be  not  less  than ;  that  the 

total  payment  between  October  1,  1907,  and  May  10, 

.  .  .  . ,  shall  be  not  less  than ;  that 

the  total  payment  between  October  1,  .  .  .  . ,  and  May 

10,  .  .  .  . ,  shall  be  not  less  than ; 

that  the  total  payment  between  October  1,  .  .  .  . ,  and 

May  10,  .  .  .  . ,  shall  be  not  less  than : 

and  between  October  1,  .  .  .  . ,  and  May  10,  .  .  .  . ,  not 

less  than If  the  purchaser  shall 

fail  to  use  between  October  1  of  each  year  and  May 
10  of  the  following  year,  seventy-five  per  cent  (75%)  or 
more  of  the  exhaust  steam  output  of  the  main  engines  of 
the  vendor,  then  the  vendor  may  terminate  and  cancel 
this  contract  on  thirty  (30)  days'  notice  to  the  purchaser, 
unless  the  purchaser  shall,  upon  receipt  of  said  notice,  pay 
the  vendor  such  an  amount  as,  together  with  the  previous 
payments  for  steam  furnished  since  the  1st  of  October 
preceding,  will  make  up  the  full  value  of  seventy-five  per 
cent  (75%)  of  the  exhaust  of  the  vendor's  main  engines 
at  the  above  mentioned  price. 

In  case  of  dispute  as  to  the  amount  of  the  output  of 
exhaust  steam,  this  amount  in  pounds  shall  be  considered 
to  be  the  number  of  kilowatt  hours  output  of  the  vendor's 
station  during  the  time  under  dispute,  multiplied  by 
thirty  (30). 


166  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

The  amount  of  steam  furnished  by  the  vendor  shall 
be  measured  by  passing  it,  after  condensation,  through 
two  (2)  water  meters,  one  furnished  by  the  vendor  and 
one  by  the  purchaser.  These  meters  shall  each  be  read 
jointly  by  a  representative  of  the  vendor  and  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  purchaser,  on  the  first  of  each  month  dur- 
ing the  heating  season,  and  payment  at  the  above  rate 
shall  be  made  by  the  purchaser  to  the  vendor  not  later 
than  the  tenth  of  each  month  or  the  number  of  pounds 
of  steam  furnished  the  purchaser  during  the  preceding 
month,  as  shown  by  the  average  of  the  readings  of  the 
two  (2)  meters.  Either  the  purchaser  or  the  vendor 
may  at  any  time  cause  either  meter  to  be  removed  and 
tested,  provided  that  the  expense  of  such  removal  and 
test  shall  be  borne  by  the  party  requesting  it.  In  the  ab- 
sence of  the  second  meter  the  reading  of  the  remaining 
meter  alone  shall  be  considered  as  the  correct  measure  of 
steam  furnished.  The  accredited  representative  of  the 
vendor  shall  have  the  right  at  all  .times  to  enter  the  plant 
of  the  purchaser  and  to  inspect  same  to  insure  the  return 
to  the  vendor  of  all  steam  delivered  to  the  purchaser. 

The  representative  of  the  purchaser  shall  have  access 
to  the  plant  of  the  vendor  at  all  times  to  inspect  and  re- 
pair the  pipes  and  accessories  belonging  to  the  purchaser, 
provided,  however,  that  no  repairs  on  the  premises  of  the 
vendor  shall  be  made  except  at  such  time  and  in  such 
manner  as  the  engineer  in  charge  of  the  vendor's  station 
shall  specifically  permit,  and  provided  that  no  representa- 
tive of  the  purchaser  shall  open,  close,  or  tamper  with  any 
valve  or  apparatus  on  the  premises  of  the  vendor  without 
the  specific  permission  of  said  engineer  in  charge  of  the 
v-endor's  station.  . 


AND  LIGHT.  167 

Third — The  exhaust  from  pumps,  exciter,  engines  and 
other  auxiliaries  connected  with  the  power  house  of  the 
vendor  shall  not  be  considered  as  part  of  the  above-men- 
tioned exhaust  steam  from  main  engines. 

Fourth — The  purchaser  shall  use  all  the  exhaust  from 
the  engine  or  engines  at  any  given  time  connected  to  its 
main,  before  demanding  the  connection  of  an  additional 
engine. 

Fifth — The  purchaser  shall  give  the  engineer  in  charge 
of  the  vendor's  power  house  not  less  than  thirty  (30) 
minutes'  notice  of  its  desire  to  have  cut  in  or  out  each 
engine  to  be  connected  to  or  disconnected  from  its  main. 
Sixth — Nothing  in  this  agreement  shall  require  the 
vendor  to  run  more  engines  than  it  deems  necessary  for 
its  own  purposes,  and  the  vendor  shall  at  all  times  be  free 
to  run  such  engine  or  engines  as  in  its  own  opinion  are 
most  suited  to  its  own  purposes. 

Seventh — The  purchaser  shall  return,  condensed,  to 
the  hot  well  of  the  vendor  above  mentioned,  all  of  the 
steam  received  from  the  vendor  at  a  temperature  not  less 
than  110°  Fahrenheit,  without  having  contaminated  it 
with  oil  or  otherwise. 

Eighth — The  purchaser  shall  maintain  on  the  exhaust 
of  each  and  every  engine  connected  to  their  main  vacuums 
not  less  than  the  following : 

At  no  time  less  than 10  inches 

When  the  tempera- 
ture of  the  exter- 
nal air  is  not  less 

than 10°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  11  inches 

Same  20°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  12  inches 

30°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  15  inches 
40°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  16  inches 


168  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Same  50°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  18  inches 

"  00°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  20  inches 

"  05°  F.  vacuum  not  less  than  24  inches 

It  is  understood  and  agreed  between  the  vendor  and 
purchaser  that  the  above  external  temperature  shall  be 
that  reported  by  the  U.  S.  weather  bureau  for  the  city 
of 

Ninth — It  shall  be  optional  with  the  vendor  to  supply 
at  any  time  live  steam  at  the  pressures  above  enumerated 
in  place  of  part  or  all  of  the  exhaust  steam  of  its  main  en- 
gines and  in  case  the  vendor  elects  to  furnish  live  steam 
the  amount  in  pounds  to  be  considered  equivalent  to  the 
exhaust  steam  produced  during  the  time  live  steam  is  sub- 
stituted, shall  be  the  number  of  kilowatt  hours  produced 
by  the  purchaser  during  the  same  hours  of  the  same  day 
or  days  of  the  preceding  year,  plus  fifteen  per  cent  (15%) 
and  multiplied  by  thirty  (30). 

Tenth — In  case  of  break  down  or  accident  in  the  power 
house  or  any  part  of  the  plant  of  the  vendor,  which  break 
down  or  accident  shall  partly  or  wholly  prevent  the  ven- 
dor from  furnishing  exhaust  steam  as  herein  agreed,  the 
vendor  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  claim  or  claims  for 
damages  arising  from  said  failure  to  furnish  steam. 

Eleventh — The  purchaser  hereby  agrees  not  to  gener- 
ate electricity  for  any  purpose  whatever,  and  further  not 
to  buy  or  use  exhaust  steam  or  waste  heat  in  any  form 
from  any  plant,  party  partnership  or  corporation  gener- 
ating electricity,  manufacturing  gas,  or  using  gas  or 
other  hydro-carbon  for  power  generation,  or  in  any  way 
competing  with  the  vendor.  The  purchaser  further  agrees 
not  to  pass  through  its  works,  pipes,  or  mains  any  water 
or  other  fluid  heated  by  any  plant  other  than  its  own,  and 
further  to  purchase  no  steam  or  heat  in  any  form  except 


AND  LIGHT.  169 

coal,  oil,  wood,  or  garbage  for  consumption  in  its  own 
plant  until  it  shall  have  utilized  all  the  exhaust  steam  from 
the  vendor's  plant. 

Twelfth — It  is  understood  and  agreed,  by  and  between 
the  vendor  and  purchaser  that  no  charge  other  than  those 
above  mentioned  shall  be  made  for  the  location  of  the  pur- 
vendor  require  the  alteration  of  the  location  of  said  pipe 
chaser's  pipe  lines  on  the  property  of  the  vendor  or  for 
the  attachment  of  the  purchaser's  water  supply  line  to 
the  intake  of  the  vendor,  but  that  should  the  plans  of  the 
lines  of. the  purchaser,  the  purchaser  shall  make  such 
alterations  as  may  be  specified  by  the  vendor  within 
thirty  (30)  days  from  receipt  of  written  notice  to  do  so, 
provided  that  the  purchaser  shall  not  be  required  to  make 
during  the  last  three  or  first  four  months  of  any  year  any 
alteration  which  will  necessitate  the  total  or  partial  shut 
down  of  the  plant. 

Thirteenth — The  duration  of  this  contract  shall  be 

years  from  date  of  signature  unless  cancelled  on 

account  of  non-fulfillment  of  one  or  more  of  the  above 
conditions. 


170  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


ELEMENTS  OF  ELECTRICITY. 

As  no  incinerating  plant  can  be  made  a  financial  suc- 
cess unless  the  waste  heat  is  utilized  either  for  power  or 
heat,  no  city  official  or  engineer  can  pass  intelligently 
upon  the  merits  of  any  incinerator  plant  or  system  who 
is  not  familiar  with  at  least  the  elements  of  electricity, 
which  is  the  chief  product  from  the  utilization  of  such 
heat.  From  electricity  is  produced  light  and  power,  light 
for  the  streets  and  buildings,  and  power  to  operate  the 
motor  mills,  rock  crushers,  and  the  other  municipal  works. 

What  is  electricity  is  not  known.  It  is  invisible  and 
impalpable.  Our  knowledge  of  it  is  confined  to  its  gen- 
eration and  application,  but  this  alone  is  of  moment  to 
the  official  or  engineer.  Without  this  knowledge,  all  plans 
and  specifications  for  incinerating  plants  become  unintel- 
ligible, and  place  municipalities  at  the  mercy  of  the  con- 
tractor. 

The  subject  of  electricity  is  divided  into 

(1)  Static  electricity,  or  electricity  at  rest. 

(2)  Current  electricity,  or  electricity  in  motion. 

(3)  Magnetism,  or  electricity  in  rotation. 

(4)  Electricity  in  vibration  or  radiation. 

But  only  current  or  dynamic  electricity  will  be  consid- 
ered in  this  work,  as  it  covers  most  of  the  field  of  the  uses 
of  electricity  in  the  utilization  of  waste  heat. 


HKAT  AND  LIGHT.  171 

The  production  of  electricity  is  the  transforming  of 
one  form  of  energy  into  another,  usually  by  mechanical 
means,  and  a  dynamo  or  generator  is  simply  a  device  for 
effecting  such  transformation. 

An  electric  motor,  on  the  contrary,  is  a  device  for 
changing  electrical  into  mechanical  energy. 

An  electric  current  manifests  itself  by  the  heating  of 
the  wire  or  the  conductor  through  which  it  passes,  or  by 
causing  a  magnetic  field  around  the  wire  or  conductor,  or 
lastly,  by  causing  chemical  changes  in  a  liquid  through 
which  it  is  made  to  pass. 

All  these  manifestations  indicate  the  character  of  use- 
ful work  capable  of  being  performed  by  an  electric  cur- 
rent. First,  the  heat  caused  by  the  resistence  of  the  con- 
ductor through  which  the  current  passes,  is  made  to  gen- 
erate light  and  heat.  Second,  the  magnetic  field  around 
the  wire  or  conductor  is  used  to  operate  all  character  of 
electrical  machines  and  motors  and  also  make  high  volt- 
age currents  safe  and  practical  by  the  use  of  transformers. 
Third,  the  chemical  changes  brought  about  in  the  liquid 
by  the  passage  through  it  of  the  current  is  used  for  the 
storage  of  electricity  to  be  later  used,  as  needed. 

STORAGE;  RATTSRISS. 

Storage  and  secondary  batteries,  also  called  accumu- 
lators, consist  of  cells  which  are  filled  with  the  liquid  in 
which  the  chemical  change  is  to  be  produced  by  the 
passage  of  an  electric  current  through  it. 

The  current  decomposes  the  liquid,  or  electrolyte,  as 
it  is  called,  so  that  when  the  passage  of  the  current  ceases 
there  are  two  chemical  elements  separated,  and  with  a 
tendency  to  reunite,  and  during  the  process  of  again  com- 


172  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

bining  the  energy  evolved  appears  as  an  electric  current, 
but  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction  to  that  of  the  charg- 
ing current.  This  flow  of  current  continues  until  the  ele- 
ments are  restored  to  their  original  condition,  when  it 
ceases,  and  the  cell  is  said  to  be  discharged. 

An  electrolyte  is  a  chemical  compound  which  is  capable 
of  acting  as  an  electric  conductor,  and  while  so  acting 
undergoes  chemical  decomposition.  This  action  is  called 
electrolysis. 

A  primary  cell  is  one  in  which  the  electric  energy  is 
produced  by  the  chemical  action  on  the  plates  of  the  cell, 
and  which,  when  the  solutions  or  plates  are  exhausted, 
are  not  restored  to  their  original  condition  by  the  passage 
of  an  electric  current.  Almost  all  primary  cells  will  act 
more  or  less  perfectly  as  secondary  or  storage  cells. 

CIRCUIT. 

A  circuit  is  a  path  composed  of  a  conductor,  which  is 
usually  copper  wire,  through  which  an  electric  current 
flows  from  a  given  point  around  through  the  conductor 
back  again  to  the  starting  point.  There  is  no  actual  flow 
of  the  current,  for  there  is  no  transfer  of  matter  or  parti- 
cles. A  conductor  carrying  a  current  presents  the  same 
appearance  as  one  not,  the  only  manifestation  being  the 
heating  of  the  conductor,  should  the  capacity  of  the  wire 
be  too  small  for  the  current  carried.  The  flow  of  the  cur-- 
rent is  caused  by  the  difference  of  potential,  and  the  great- 
er the  amount  of  potential  difference,  the  greater  is  said 
to  be  the  pressure  or  electromotive  force,  usually  written 
E.  M.  P.,  or  voltage  which  causes  the  flow.  The  strength 
of  the  current  flowing  through  the  conductor  depends 
directly  upon  the  amount  of  this  electromotive  force  and 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  I73 

also  upon. the  amount  of  the  resistance  to  the  flow.  If 
the  circuit  is  short  and  composed  of  good  conductors, 
the  current  will  be  much  stronger  than  if  it  were  long  and 
composed  of  poor  conductors. 

The  three  principal  units  used  in  the  measurement  of 
a  current  of  electricity  are : — 

The  Ampere,  or  the  unit  denoting  the  rate  of  flow  of 
the  current,  or  its  strength. 

The  Volt,  or  the  unit  of  electrical  potential,  or  pressure. 

The  Ohm,  or  the  unit  of  resistance. 

The  Watt,  or  the  unit  of  power,  and  is  obtained  by 
multiplying  the  current  by  the  voltage,  or  by  multiplying 
the  square  of  the  current  by  the  resistance. 

For  large  units  the  term  kilowatt  is  used,  which  is  equal 
to  1,000  watts,  the  abbreviation  being  K.  W.  The  kilo- 
watt hour  is  the  energy  expended  in  one  hour  when  the 
power  is  one  kilowatt. 

The  relation  of  the  first  three  units  can  be  better  under- 
stood by  the  analogy  often  used  of  the  flow  of  water 
through  a  pipe.  The  force  which  causes  the  water  to 
flow  through  the  pipe  is  called  the  head,  or  pressure; 
that  which  resists  the  flow  is  the  friction  of  the  water 
against  the  pipe,  while  the  rate  of  flow,  or  current,  may 
be  expressed  in  gallons  per  minute.  Now  as  the  pressure 
or  head  increases,  the  rate  of  flow  or  current  increases  in 
proportion,  but  as  the  resistance  increases  the  current 
diminishes. 

In  the  case  of  electricity,  the  electromotive  force,  or 
potential,  corresponds  to  the  head  of  water,  or  pressure ; 
and  the  resistence  of  the  conductor,  to  the  friction  of 
the  water  against  the  pipe ;  while  the  strength  of  the  cur- 
rent is  the  ratio  of  the  electromotive  force  to  the  resist- 
ance of  the  conductor.  This  ratio  was  discovered  by  Dr. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Ohm,  and  is  therefore  called  Ohm's  law,  and  is  the  foun- 
dation of  applied  electricity,  for  there  is  hardly  a  problem 
in  electrical  work  that  it  does  not  enter. 

This  law  is  usually  expressed  algebraically,  thus : 

ELECTRO MOTIVE  FORCE 

Strength  of  current  ~ 


or  Amperes  = 


RESISTANCE. 

voi/rs 


OHMS. 

or   C    =    E,    as  it  is  commonly  expressed, 

RT 

in  which  C  equals  current,  E  equals  the  electromotive 
force  expressed  in  volts,  and  R  equals  resistance,  ex- 
pressed in  Ohms. 

From  this  formula  is  derived  E  =  CxR,  orR^  E, 

C 

these  terms  all  being  dependent  upon  each  other.  For 
watts  we  have  the  formula  W  =  E  x  C. 

With  any  two  of  these  terms  given,  it  can  be  seen  that 
the  third  term  can  readily  be  found.  As  seen,  the  current 
varies  directly  as  the  voltage  varies  and  indirectly  as  the 
resistance  varies.  That  is,  the  current  increases  when 
the  voltage  increases  and  decreases  when  the  resistance 
increases.  With  the  above  four  formulas  any  calculation 
in  electricity  becomes  most  simple.  For  instance,  suppose 
you  wish  to  find  what  current  will  flow  through  a  resist- 
ance of  3  Ohms,  at  a  pressure  of  6  volts. 

Substituting  in  formula   (1),  we  have  C    (amperes) 
equals  6  equals  2  amperes. 
3 

Again,  we  have  a  lamp  the  resistance  of  which  we 
know  to  be  12  Ohms,  and  we  are  using  2  amperes  of  cur- 
rent; what  E,  M,  F,  (volts)  is  necessary? 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  175 

Using  formula  (2)  we  have  E  (volts)  equal  2x12 
equal  24  volts. 

Suppose  we  wish  to  know  the  resistance  of  a  wire  coil 
through  which  a  current  of  6  amperes  will  pass  with  20 
volts  pressure? 

Substituting  in  formula  (3),  we  have  R  (Ohms) equal  20 

6 

equals  3  1-3  Ohms.  Lastly,  we  have  a  small  motor  taking 
2  amperes  at  5  volt  pressure  to  run  it,  how  many  watts  of 
current  does  it  consume? 

Substituting  in  formula  (4),  we  have  W  (watts)  equals 
2x5  equals  10  watts. 

'    ALTERNATING  AND  CONTINUOUS  CURRENTS. 

Two  kinds  of  electricity  are  generated  by  a  dynamo  or 
generator,  distinguished  by  the  direction  of  their  flow. 
The  continuous  or  direct  current  flows  continuously  in 
one  direction,  while  the  alternating  current  alternates 
the  direction  of  its  flow  back  and  forward  the  entire  length 
of  the  circuit.  These  alternations  may  be  ten  thousand 
times  a  second  or  only  a  hundred  a  second,  this  being 
called  the  frequency  of  the  alternations.  For  lighting  it 
is  necessary  to  have  at  least  forty  complete  alterations  per 
second.  The  direct  current  is  a  constant  and  unvarying- 
current,  and  the  machines  used  for  its  generation  are 
divided  in  two  types : 

(1)  Constant  Potential  Dynamos,  in  which  machine, 
although  the  pressure,  or  voltage  may  vary,  the  amount 
of  the  current  does  not. 

(2)  Constant  Current  Dynamos,  in  which  machine,  al- 
though the  strength  of  the  current  may  vary,  the  pressure, 
or  voltage,  remains  constant. 

Each  of  these  currents  have  their  advantages  and  adap- 
tability for  their  particular  classes  of  work,  as  will  be 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  177 

shown  later.  All  current  when  first  produced  by  a  dy- 
namo or  generator  is  alternating,  and  to  send  it  out  as 
a  direct  current,  it  is  necessary  that  it  be  changed  upon 
the  machine  before  transmission,  and  the  addition  of  the 
commutator  to  make  this  change  practically  constitutes 
.the  only  difference  between  a  direct  and  an  alternating 
current  dynamo  or  generator. 

THE  DYNAMO. 
(Fig.  22.) 

The  dynamo  is  a  machine  driven  by  power,  usually 
steam  or  water,  and  producing  the  necessary  pressure  for 
the  production  of  an  electric  current. 

A  dynamo  when  in  action  is  like  a  cistern  at  a  high 
level,  or  a  pump,  for  it  urges  or  forces  the  current  through 
the  conductor.  Without  such  force  or  pressure  as  pro- 
duced by  the  dynamo,  there  would  be  no  more  flow  of 
an  electrical  current,  than  there  would  be  of  water  from 
one  receptacle  to  another,  when  they  are  on  the  same 
level. 

Dynamos  are  classified  into  (1)  Uni-polar,  (2)  Bi- 
polar, (3)  Multi-polar  machines,  according  to  the  number 
of  pole  pieces  upon  them,  and  they  are  used  for  three 
principal  purposes : 

1.  Incandescent  lighting. 

2.  Arc  lighting. 

3.  For  distribution  of  power. 

When  used  for  power  purposes,  the  machine  is  called 
a  generator,  that  is,  when  it  generates  electricity  to  be 
used  through  motors.  This  machine  in  its  simplest  form 
consists  of  two  main  parts:  (1)  an  armature,  which  in 
revolving  induces  electromotive  forces  in  the  conductor 
wound  upon  it;  (2)  a  field  magnet,  whose  function  is  to 

12 


1~8  HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 

provide  a  field  of  magnetic  lines  to  be  cut  by  the  armature 
conductors  as  they  revolve.  In  all  dynamos,  whether  for 
direct  or  alternating  currents,  these  two  parts  are  the  same. 
Usually  the  field  magnet  remains  stationary  while  the  ar- 
mature rotates,  but  in  recent  patterns  of  alternators,  the 
armature  remains  stationary,  and  the  field  magnets  rotate. 

It  is  always  the  field  magnet  which  maintains  its  mag- 
netism steady  during  the  revolution,  while  the  magnetism 
of  the  armature  alone  regularly  changes  and  this  variation 
of  the  magnetism  determines  the  type  of  machine.  It  has 
been  found  most  convenient  to  supply  incandescent  light- 
ing systems  by  the  constant  potential  system,  and  arc 
lighting  systems  by  the  constant  current  system. 

The  essential  difference  between  a  direct  current  ma- 
chine and  an  alternator,  as  an  alternating  current  machine 
is  called,  is  the  use  of  a  commutator  upon  the  former 
machine  for  rectifying  the  current,  that  is,  to  change  it 
from  an  alternating  to  a  direct  current.  The  commuta- 
tor is  attached  to  the  armature  and  revolves  with  it. 

In  the  case  of  an  alternator  there  is  no  need  of  a  com- 
mutator, but  metallic  rings,  known  as  collecting  rings, 
takes  its  place,  the  collecting  brushes  pressing  against 
them. 

The  dynamo,  therefore,  is  seen  to  consist  of  five  essen- 
tial parts,  viz. : 

(1)  The  armature,  or  revolving  part. 

(2)  The  field  magnets  which  produce  the  magnetic 
field  in  which  the  armature  rotates. 

(3)  The  pole  pieces. 

(4)  The  commutator  or  collector. 

(5)  The  collecting  brushes. 


180  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

TYPES  OF  DYNAMOS. 

There  are  two  principal  types  of  dynamos  :  ( 1 )  Direct 
current,  and  the  (2)  Alternating  current  machine. 

The  direct  current  machines  are  divided  into  three 
classes:  (1)  Series  wound ;  (2)  Shunt  wound;  (3)  Com- 
pound wound,  depending  upon  the  manner  the  field  mag- 
nets are  connected  to  the  armature. 

SERIES  DYNAMO. 

The  manner  in  which  the  connections  are  made  on  this 
type  of  machine  can  be  seen  from  Fig.  23.  In  this 
type,  the  whole  of  the  current  generated  in  the  armature, 
passes  direct  through  the  coils  of  the  field  magnet,  which 
is  wound  with  several  turns  of  heavy  wire,  and  thence 
out  to  the  external  circuit.  The  current  in  passing 
through  the  coils  of  the  field  magnet  energizes  same, 
creating  a  magnetic  field  between  the  N.  &  S.  poles,  in 
which  magnetic  field  the  armature  revolves  as  shown 
clearly  in  the  cut. 

SHUNT  WOUND  DYNAMOS. 

This  type  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  23,  differs  from  the 
series  wound  machine  in  that  the  whole  of  the  current 
does  not  pass  through  the  field  coils,  but  an  independent 
circuit  is  used  for  exciting  its  field  magnet.  This  inde- 
pendent circuit  is  composed  of  a  large  number  of  turns 
of  fine  wire,  which  are  wound  around  the  field  magnet 
and  connected  direct  to  the  brushes,  so  as  to  form  a  by- 
pass or  shunt  to  the  brushes  and  external  circuit,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  main  current,  which  is  taken  off  direct  from 
the  brushes.  There  are  two  paths  presented  to  the  current 
as  it  leaves  the  armature,  viz. :  The  external  circuit  and 


WINDING   FOR  SEPARATELY  EXCITED  DYNAMO 
Fig.  24. 


182  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

the  path  through  the  field  coils.  Most  of  the  current  flows 
through  the  external  path,  as  it  offers  much  less  resistance 
than  the  shunt  path  through  the  field  coils,  it  being  of  much 
larger  wire.  The  resistance  of  the  shunt  circuit  is  always 
made  very  great,  as  compared  to  the  resistence  of  the 
armature  and  external  circuit,  as  this  circuit  is  used  alone 
to  secure  a  closer  regulation  of  the  machine  than  afforded 
by  the  series  type.  The  strength  of  the  current  through 
the  field  coils  rarely  exceed  1 5  amperes,  even  in  the  largest 
size  machines. 

COMPOUND   WOUND  DYNAMOS. 

This  type,  as  shown  in  Fig.  23,  is  a  combination  of 
the  series  and  shunt  wound  machines,  the  field  magnet 
being  wound  with  two  sets  of  coils,  one  set  being  con- 
nected in  series,  and  the  other  set  in  parallel  with  the 
armature  and  external  circuit. 

This  affords  a  much  closer  regulation  than  the  shunt 
type,  and  automatically  maintaining  a  constant  pressure, 
and  is  therefore  used  almost  exclusively  for  incandescent 
lighting. 

The  above  three  types  are  what  is  known  as  self-excit- 
ing machines,  as  they  require  no  independent  battery  or 
dynamo  for  exciting  their  field  magnets,  but  excite  their 
fields  themselves,  as  above  described. 

ALTERNATORS. 

Ill  order  to  operate  this  type  of  machine,  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  24,  an  independent  direct  current  dynamo 
or  battery  is  necessary  for  exciting  its  field  magnets,  called 
an  exciter.  It  is  therefore  not  in  general  use  for  small  in- 
stallations, being  principally  used  where  an  alternating 
current  is  required,  as  with  an  alternating  current  a  self- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  183 

exciting  machine  is  impossible,  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
fields  can  not  be  magnetized  with  such  a  current. 

The  E.  M.  F.  and  current  of  this  type  of  dynamo  is 
regulated  by  varying  the  strength  of  the  magnetizing 
current  produced  by  the  independent  dynamo  or  battery 
which  is  connected  direct  to  the  field  coils.  The  strength 
of  this  independent  current  is  regulated  by  the  regu- 
lator R. 

CONNECTING  OF  DYNAMOS. 

In  large  installations,  such  as  central  generating  sta- 
tions, it  is  neither  economical  or  desirable  that  the  entire 
current  should  be  furnished  from  a  single  dynamo  or 
generator.  As  it  is  economy  to  always  work  a  dynamo 
at  full  load,  or  as  near  a  full  load  as  possible,  it  is  mani- 
fest that  this  would  be  impossible  with  only  one  machine, 
o\ving  to  the  fluctuation  of  the  load.  In  order  to  secure 
a  maximum  efficiency  it  is  usual  to  divide  up  the  plant 
into  a  number  of  units,  so  that  the  load  can  be  taken 
care  of  at  all  times,  irrespective  of  its  fluctuations.  At 
the  "peak"  of  the  load  all  the  units  can  be  worked,  and 
as  the  load  decreases  the  units  can  be  cut  out,  so  as  to 
always  keep  a  full  load  on  the  machines  kept  running. 

The  output  of  a  dynamo  is  composed  of  two  factors, 
the  pressure,  or  voltage,  and  the  current,  or  amperage. 
Either  or  both  of  these  can  be  increased  by  the  addition 
of  more  machines,  the  same  as  the  boiler  horse  power  of 
a  plant  can  be  increased  by  the  installing  of  more  boilers. 
The  uses  of  electricity  at  the  present  time  require  the 
maintenance  of  either  a  constant  current,  or  a  constant 
pressure  in  a  circuit,  and  to  comply  with  these  require- 
ments it  becomes  necessary  to  connect  the  dynamos  or 
generators  together  in  several  different  ways. 


184  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

In  coupling  two  or  more  machines  in  parallel  the 
pressure  or  voltage  of  all  the  machines  are  kept  constant, 
and  the  current  or  amperage  alone  varies. 

In  the  series  connection  the  pressure  or  voltage  of  the 
machines  is  increased,  while  the  current,  or  amperage, 
remains  the  same. 

Fig.  25  shows  the  cells  when  completed  in  series  and 
also  when  connected  in  parallel.  Also  connection  of  lights 
in  series  and  parallel. 

Fig.  26  shows  the  principal  systems  of  connected  lights. 

When  the  machines  are  connected  in  parallel  all  the 
positive  terminals  are  connected  together,  and  all  the 
negative  terminals  the  same  way;  or  the  positive  and 
negative  terminals  of  each  machine  can  be  connected 
respectively  to  two  insulated  copper  bars,  called  omnibus 
or  "bus"  bars.  When  in  series,  the  negative  and  positive 
terminals  are  connected  to  each  other. 

SHUNT  DYNAMOS  IN  SERIES. 

This  is  the  usual  method  of  connecting  up  dynamos 
so  as  to  run  either  in  parallel  or  series.  To  connect  in 
series  the  positive  terminal  of  one  machine  is  connected 
to  the  negative  terminal  of  the  other.  The  ammeter,  fuses 
and  switch  are  connected  through  the  outer  terminals,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  27. 

SHUNT   MACHINES  IN  PARALLEL. 

To  connect  shunt  machines  in  parallel,  it  is  only  nec- 
essary to  connect  the  positive  and  negative  terminals  of 
each  machine  respectively  to  the  positive  and  negative 
"bus"  bars,  as  shown  in  Fig.  28. 


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HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  187 

SERIES  DYNAMOS  IN  SERIES. 

Series  wound  machines  will  run  satisfactorily  when 
connected  in  series,  as  shown  in  Fig.  29. 

SERIES  DYNAMOS  IN  PARALLEL. 

Series  wound  machines  are  not  adapted  to  run  in  par- 
allel, as  machines  of  this  type  are  not  constructed  for  the 
purpose  of  maintaining  a  constant  pressure.  In  order  to 
operate  such  machines  in  parallel,  an  "equalizer"  is  nec- 
essary, as  shown  in  Fig.  30.  This  is  a  third  connection 
between  the  ends  of  all  the  series  coils,  where  they  join 
the  armature  circuit.  This  causes  the  whole  of  the  cur-- 
rent generated  by  all  the  machines  to  be  divided  among 
the  series  coils  of  the  several  machines.  This  maintains 
constant  the  fields  of  the  several  machines,  and  maintains 
an  equality  of  pressure,  thereby  preventing  reversal  of 
polarity,  and  keeping  the  machines  together  under  all  con- 
ditions of  load. 

COMPOUND   DYNAMOS   IN   SERIES. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  connect  the  series  coil  of  each 
together,  as  shown  in  Fig.  29.  The  shunt  windings  must 
be  connected  as  a  single  shunt. 

COMPOUND   DYNAMOS   IN    PARALLEL. 

Such  machines  will  not  run  together  satisfactorily 
unless  the  series  coils  are  connected  together  by  an  equal- 
izing connection,  as  shown  in  Fig.  32.  The  connection 
is  the  same  as  when  series  dynamos  are  connected  in  par- 
allel. 


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HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  189 

COUPLING  OF  AIvTERATORS. 

In  order  that  the  output  of  one  alternator  may  be  added 
to  another  it  is  necessary  that  the  E.  M.  F.  of  each  ma- 
chine shall  be  in  exact  agreement,  so  that  they  will  have 
equal  frequencies,  or  be  in  phase,  or  in  step  with  each 
other. 

METHOD    OF    MEASUREMENTS. 

To  ascertain  the  amount  of  current  flowing  in  a  circuit 
an  ammeter,  which  is  designated  in  Fig.  33  as  A,  is 
inserted  in  scries  in  one  of  the  mains.  The  whole  of  the 
current  passing  to  the  lamps  L,  therefore  must  pass 
through  it  and  be  measured. 

A  voltmeter,  designated  as  V,  is  connected  across  the 
two  main  leads,  or  in  shunt  with  the  dynamo,  and  there- 
fore measures  the  difference  of  potential  between  the  two 
mains  in  volts. 

USE  OF  DIFFERENT  TYPES. 

The  series  wound  machines  are  used  almost  exclusively 
for  street  car  motors,  such  a  type  being  totally  unfit  for 
constant  potential  work.  The  shunt  and  compound  wound 
machines  are  practically  used  for  all  power  and  incandes- 
cent lighting  circuits.  The  constant  current  type  is 
devoted  mostly  to  arc  lighting.  Of  the  three  types 
described  above,  the  compound  wound  machine  is  by  far 
the  most  used,  owing  to  its  close  and  automatic  regula- 
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196  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  X. 


INCINERATORS  COMBINED  WITH  ELECTRIC- 
ITY AND  WATER  WORKS. 

Incineration  can  never  become  a  success  in  this  country 
until  the  waste  heat  from  a  properly  constructed  furnace 
is  utilized  for  some  useful  power  or  heating  purpose.  Not 
to  so  utilize  this  waste  heat,  is  to  lose  the  principal  ad- 
vantage of  incineration  over  all  other  systems  of  garbage 
disposal  and  to  reduce  it  to  as  primitive  a  method  of 
garbage  disposal  as  dumping  and  as  costly  as  reduction. 
In  a  properly  constructed  incinerating  furnace,  a  tempera- 
ture of  2000  degrees  F.  can  be  constantly  maintained, 
the  gases  leaving  the  furnace  at  a  temperature  not  less 
than  1500  degrees,  which  is  the  average  temperature 
maintained  in  a  boiler  furnace,  and  to  waste  this  heat  up 
the  chimney  is  to  burn  up  money.  In  the  modern  incin- 
erating plant,  steam  boilers  are  installed  between  the  in- 
cinerator and  the  chimney,  and  this  waste  heat  made  to 
pass  under  them  before  being  allowed  to  escape  into  the 
atmosphere,  thereby  not  only  making  this  heat  do  useful 
work,  but  removing  from  the  gases  in  their  long  travel 
all  dust  and  noxious  odors  before  being  allowed  to  escape. 
This  heat  is  as  constant  as  that  obtained  from  coal-fired 
furnaces  under  boilers,  and  just  as  high  a  steam  pressure 
can  therefore  be  maintained  in  the  boilers.  As  incinerat- 
ing plants  are  operated  continuously  throughout  the 
twenty- four  hours,  their  heavier  work  being  at  night  when 
the  garbage  can  be  delivered  with  less  objection  than 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  197 

during  the  day,  it  makes  their  combination  with  electric 
lighting  plants  especially  advantageous.  The  great  econ- 
omy of  such  a  combination  can  be  seen  at  a  glance,  as 
the  waste  heat  which  would  be  otherwise  wasted  is  made 
to  operate  the  electric  plant  without  one  cent  additional 
cost.  Such  a  combination  as  above  described  is  no  longer 
an  experiment,  for  there  are  now  successfully  operating 
in  England  alone,  over  sixty  such  plants,  while  there  has 
been  recently  installed  in  New  York  City,  an  electric  plant 
in  combination  with  their  incinerating  plant,  which  is 
furnishing  lights  for  the  new  Williamsburg  Bridge  and 
the  surrounding  district.  In  Liverpool,  where  there  are 
four  incinerator  installations  located  in  different  sections 
of  the  city,  the  waste  heat  from  300  tons  of  refuse  is 
utilized  for  traction  purposes,  while  in  London  the  re- 
sultant power  from  800  tons  of  refuse  is  used  for  electric 
lighting. 

From  this  can  be  seen  the  enormous  waste  of  power 
in  our  larger  cities.  In  the  City  of  St.  Louis  alone  it 
can  be  safely  said  that  3200  h.  p.  is  thus  daily  wasted. 

Comparative  statement  showing  the  number  of  elec- 
trical units  generated  per  ton  of  refuse  destroyed  at  twenty 
combined  electricity  and  destructor  works  in  England  :  — 

«         !&•„         !-s  . 

H-  1  <U   -T3     V)  £     >"•   "* 

xj  v  a-;  M°  £ 

i       s     mi   *js 

O  o>o  °  <3  «  «.*• 

Q 


Accrington  ......  Lancashire  ....        25  60 

Bangor  .........  Hornsby  ......        20  9 

Cleckheaton  .....  Lancashire  ....        35  12 


!98  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

g  ^S.  OT> 

5  111,;          ill 

1  *        1 85 1      525 

o  «3  °  s  v  «j>v 

s     &•    H* 

E-  <£  < 

Colne Babcock 20  18 

Darwen .  .Lancashire  ....  33  35 

Fulham Babcock 26-62  100 

Gloucester Babcock 35  25 

Grays Lancashire  ....  33  8 

Liverpool Babcock 29-5  97 

Llandudno Babcock 32  15 

Nelson Lancashire  ....  40  30 

Patrick Babcock 27  42 

Rhyl Babcock 15  16 

St.  Helens Babcock 37.3  32 

Shipley Lancashire 37.8  25 

Shoreditch Babcock 20  80 

Stepney Bal^cock 32  165 

Warrington Babcock 80  50 

Wimbledon Babcock 45  54 

Wrexham Lancashire  ....  38  35 

ESTIMATE  OF  LIGHT  AND  POWER  FROM  A 
150-TON  INCINERATOR. 

With  a  properly  constructed  incinerator  using"  mechan- 
ical draft,  8  I.  H.  P.  can  be  developed  per  ton  of  refuse 
burned,  or  1200  I.  H.  P.  in  24  hours  from  a  150-ton  in- 
cinerator. This  is  equal  to  895.2  K.  W.  Allowing  92 
per  cent  efficiency  and  11  per  cent  loss,  this  is  equal  to 
603.55  K.  W.,  or  150,889  candle  power;  which  would 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  199 

permit  of  9430  lamps  of  16  C.  P.  each,  or  4716  lamps  of 
32  C.  P.  each,  or  336  lamps  of  2000  C.  P.  each. 

With  coal  at  $2.00  per  ton  and  allowing  10  cents  per 
ton  for  labor,  the  cost  of  incineration  per  ton  of  refuse 
should  not  exceed  19  cents,  making  a  daily  cost  (24 
hours)  of  a  150-ton  incinerator  $28.50,  i.  e.,  $1.19  per 
hour. 

Burning  6.25  tons  of  refuse  per  hour,  would  generate 
50  H.  P.  per  hour,  or  37.3  K.  W.,  costing  $1.19  or  3.2 
cents  per  K.  W.,  requiring  nothing  for  the  cost  of  the  in- 
cineration, or  $28.50  per  day  for  the  incineration,  which 
would  give  the  above  output  of  electric  current  at  not 
one  cent  cost.  With  three  such  incinerating  plants  in  a 
city  of  six  hundred  thousand  inhabitants,  all  public  build- 
ings and  the  principal  business  streets  could  be  lighted  at 
no  expense  whatever.  Should  the  city  have  a  term  con- 
tract for  its  lighting  with  some  company,  then  these  lights 
could  be  distributed  through  the  parks  and  other  public 
places  to  beautify  the  city.  Light  is  the  best  protection 
that  can  be  given  the  public,  better  even  than  the  most 
efficient  police  force,  then,  why  not  collect  and  utilize 
all  refuse  for  this  purpose. 

While  it  is  true  that  the  calorific  value  of  different  re- 
fuse will  vary  greatly,  this  is  no  serious  objection,  as  that 
of  coal  also  varies  greatly.  No  city  should  be  misled  by 
statements  that  the  garbage  can  be  burned  by  itself  alone. 
During  the  summer  months  when  the  garbage  will  run 
80  per  cent  moisture,  at  least  90  Ibs.  of  coal  to  every  ton 
of  garbage  must  be  burned;  in  fact,  it  would  be  safe  to 
estimate  that  an  average  of  this  amount  of  coal  per  ton 
of  refuse  burned  will  be  required  throughout  the  entire 
year. 


200  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Refuse  at  its  best  is  a  very  poor  fuel,  but  it  has  its 
value,  and  this  value  is  sufficient  to  make  a  plant  operated 
from  its  waste  heat  at  least  self-supporting-,  which  would 
mean  a  saving  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  every  American 
city,  besides  affording  a  sanitary  and  economical  method 
of  garbage  disposal. 

What  has  been  said  as  to  combining  electrical  works 
with  an  incinerator,  applies  with  equal  advantages  to  such 
a  combination  with  water  works,  especially  in  the  smaller 
towns.  There  is  only  one  exception  and  that  is  when 
operated  in  connection  with  water  works,  a  greater  pre- 
caution must  be  taken,  in  order  to  prevent  any  contamina- 
tion from  the  refuse.  This  can  be  secured  by  a  little 
care,  and  using  closing  doors  where  the  refuse  is  dis- 
charged. 

LABOR. 

As  over  50  per  cent  of  the  total  cost  of  disposing  of 
refuse  is  for  labor,  it  is  evidently  a  most  important  factor, 
but  one  which  in  this  country  has  been  given  but  slight 
attention,  owing  to  the  mistaken  belief  that  any  class  of 
labor  could  do  this  character  of  work.  No  greater  mistake 
can  be  made  than  to  employ  unskilled  labor  for  refuse 
destruction.  Should  the  incinerator  be  operated  as  such 
alone,  without  a  power  or  heat  combination,  there  still 
remains  the  most  difficult  work  connected  with  proper 
incineration,  viz. :  the  clinkering  of  the  furnace.  Upon 
this  being  properly  done  depends  the  character  of  the 
clinker  and  its  sale.  With  proper  clinkering  in  a  high 
temperature  furnace,  the  clinker  is  removed  hard  and 
vitreous,  and  finds  at  all  times  a  ready  sale  for  mortar, 
street  or  paving  work. 

If  improperly  clinkered,  it  is  removed  soft  and  full  of 
foul  odors,  making  it  not  only  a  nuisance,  but  its  removal 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  201 

a  source  of  expense,  as  it  being  worthless  it  then  must 
be  hauled  away. 

When  one  considers  how  few  good  firemen  can  be  had 
for  coal-fired  furnaces,  and  how  easily  coal  is  stoked  in 
comparison  with  the  clinker  formed  in  an  incinerating 
furnace,  there  can  be  no  question  but  that  only  skilled 
firemen  can  be  used  successfully  for  this  work. 

When  the  incinerator  is  operated  in  combination  with 
a  heating,  electrical  or  water  works  plant,  the  necessity 
of  skilled  labor  is  still  more  obvious.  In  such  an  incinerat- 
ing plant  not  only  should  skilled  engineers  and  firemen 
alone  be  employed,  but  the  chief  engineer  should  be  a 
man  capable  not  only  of  successfully  operating  the  steam 
plant,  but  also  the  incinerating  furnaces  under  him,  and 
seeing  that  the  entire  plant  is  maintained  at  its  highest 
efficiency. 

Irrespective  of  the  make  of  the  incinerator  used,  or 
whether  operated  alone  or  in  combination,  only  skilled 
and  well  paid  labor  can  be  employed  with  profit. 

COST  OF  INSTALLATION    AND    ESTIMATED 

OPERATING    EXPENSE    OF    A    300-ARC 

LIGHT  PLANT,  150  K.  W. 

Lamps  500  watts,  on  every  night,  all  night. 

Efficiency  of  dynamo  and  engine,  87%. 

Efficiency  of  transformer,  95%. 

1  Ib.  coal  evaporates  7^  Ibs.  water. 

26  Ibs.  steam  develops  1  h.  p. 

Requires  242  h.  p.     4410  hrs.  per  year. 

Cost  of  plant,  $80.000. 


202  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

ESTIMATE  OPERATING  EXPENSES. 

1,856  tons  coal  at  $2.00 $3,712.00 

Removal  of  ashes 175.00 

Water 300.00 

Carbons  and  globes 1,000.00 

Oil,  etc 600.00 

2  engineers  at  $100  per  mo 2,400.00 

2  firemen  at  $60  per  month 1,440.00 

1  lineman .  720.00 

1  lineman,  cash 300.00 

Interest  4%  on  $80,000 3,200.00 

Depreciation  and  replacement  5%  on  $55,000.  .  2,750.00 

Depreciation  and  replacement  10%  on  $25,000.  2,500.00 

Insurance  1%  on  $55,000..  550.00 


$19,647.00 
COST  LAMP,  $65.50. 

If  1  Ib.  coal  evaporates  only  5  Ibs  water. 

Total  cost $21,581.00 

COST  LAMP,  $72.00. 

By  combining  this  plant  with  an  incinerating  plant, 
the  sum  of  $6,112.00  can  be  annually  saved  in  the  ex- 
pense of  coal  and  labor  alone,  which  is  about  33  per  cent 
of  the  total  operating  expenses  of  the  plant. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  XL 


INCINERATOR  SITE  AND  BUILDINGS. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  selection  of  the  proper 
method  of  disposing  of  the  refuse,  is  the  question  of  the 
location  of  the  plant  to  be  used  for  that  purpose.  This  is 
not  only  a  question  affecting  the  health  of  a  community, 
but  one  of  special  interest  to  the  taxpayer  who  must  pay 
the  cost  of  long  and  useless  hauls  to  such  a  plant,  should 
it  be  improperly  located.  Should  incineration  be  adopted 
as  the  method  of  disposal,  a  long  haul  to  a  plant  located 
at  or  near  the  city  limits  is  not  only  an  unnecessary  ex- 
pense, but  a  positive  menace  to  health  of  the  residents  of 
the  streets  through  which  it  is  hauled.  . 

With  a  properly  constructed  incinerating  furnace,  there 
is  no  possibility  of  the  escape  of  noxious  odors  or  objec- 
tionable smoke,  for  there  must  be  complete  combustion. 
The  plant  itself  would  be  less  objectionable  than  a  steam 
power  plant  similarly  located,  for  not  only  is  there  an 
absence  of  all  smoke,  but  also  of  the-  noises  which  usually 
accompany  a  manufacturing  plant. 

By  locating  the  incinerating  plant  in  the  central  section 
of  the  city,  not  only  is  the  great  expense  of  the  long  hauls 
avoided,  but  the  unsanitary  feature  of  hauling  the  drip- 
ping garbage  for  a  long  distance  through  the  streets  re- 
moved. No  time  should  be  lost  in  the  rapid  disposal  of 
the  garbage  after  its  collection,  for  it  is  during  this  period 
of  time  that  it  becomes  most  objectionable,  both  to  the 
senses  and  to  health.  Its  value  for  reduction  purposes 
also  depends  on  dispatch  in  its  handling. 


204  HSAT  AND  LIGHT. 

It  costs  the  city  of  St.  Louis  $70,000  annually  to  dis- 
pose of  its  70,000  tons  of  garbage  and  $116,900  to  collect 
same,  this  being  about  the  average  cost  for  the  collection 
and  disposal  of  garbage  in  the  different  cities  of  this 
country. 

This  cost  of  $1.67  per  ton  for  the  collection  of  the  gar- 
bage is  due  to  the  long  hauls  necessary  under  the  present 
system.  Should  there  be  three  incinerators  located  in 
central  sections  of  the  city,  this  cost  of  collection  could 
be  reduced  at  least  75  per  cent. 

It  has  been  repeatedly  demonstrated  that  a  well  con- 
structed incinerator  is  entirely  unobjectionable.  No  less 
than  94  per  cent  of  all  the  incinerators  in  Great  Britian 
are  located  in  or  near  the  central  sections  of  its  cities, 
and  in  the  city  of  Sheerness,  the  combined  incinerator  and 
water  works  plant  is  located  only  8  feet  from  their  prin- 
cipal school.  By  locating  the  incinerator  in  a  central 
section  of  the  city  its  waste  heat  can  be  utilized  for  useful 
work,  such  as  for  electric  lighting,  and  thereby  make  it 
a  self-supporting  method  of  garbage  disposal,  instead  of 
the  enormously  expensive  methods  now  adopted  by  all 
American  cities. 

While  a  properly  constructed  incinerating  plant  can 
never  become  objectionable,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  impossi- 
ble to  operate  a  reduction  plant  without  it  being  a  nui- 
sance. 

I  have  seen  garbage  cooked  for  days  under  a  steam 
pressure  of  175  pounds  to  the  square  inch  in  the  latest 
and  most  improved  form  of  digesters  and  at  the  end  of 
this  time  the  odors  were  as  foul,  or  worse,  than  at  first. 
These  odors  can  only  be  destroyed  by  subjecting  them  to  a 
furnace  temperature  of  at  least  1500  degrees  F.  and  to 
do  this  would  require  an  incinerator  operated  in  conjunc- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  205 

tion  with  every  reduction  plant.  The  prompt  collection 
and  delivery  of  garbage  would  decrease  this  nuisance  to 
a  great  extent. 

While  admitting  the  value  of  the  reduction  process  for 
that  portion  of  the  refuse  which  can  be  utilized  at  a 
profit,  which  is  about  23  per  cent,  there  can  be  no  denying 
the  fact  that  the  best  location  for  any  reduction  plant  is 
just  as  far  from  the  residence  of  any  citizen  as  it  is  pos- 
sible to  get  it.  As  dead  animals  and  kitchen  garbage 
constitutes  this  23  per  cent  of  refuse  for  reduction,  the 
necessary  accumulation  of  this  refuse  at  the  plant  wrhile 
being  sorted  and  made  ready  for  the  digesters,  etc.,  is 
most  offensive  and  unsanitary.  For  a  city  of  six  to  seven 
hundred  thousand  inhabitants,  there  should  at  least  be 
three  incinerating  plants,  located  in  different  sections  of 
the  city  and  easy  of  access,  and  one  reduction  plant  located 
at  or  near  the  city  limits,  which  can  be  reached  without 
requiring  the  refuse  to  be  hauled  through  the  principal 
streets  of  the  city. 

INCINERATOR  BUILDINGS. 

The  building  should  be  two  stories  in  height,  and  con- 
structed of  the  best  building  brick  throughout,  with  either 
a  slate  or  steel  roof,  properly  supported  by  steel  I  beams 
and  cinder  fire-proof  throughout.  The  walls  of  the  first 
floor  should  be  18  inches  in  thickness,  and  of  the  second 
floor  13  inches  in  thickness.  All  partitions  should  be  of 
brick  and  13  inches  in  thickness. 

All  of  the  lower  floor  should  be  of  the  best  concrete, 
and  the  second  floor  laid  with  3-inch  plank.  The  height 
of  the  first  and  second  floors  should  be  16  feet. 


e. 

BOIL 

CR5. 

INCINERATOR. 

ENGINE 

AND 

CeiMERATOR 

CLINKERS. 

.APPROACH    ROAD. 

MEN-J   ROOM'S    BELOW. 


-^r,Tn     TIPPING  FLOOR. 


SECOND  FLOOR 

LINQTHB        WIDTHHB 
WALLS  IST.  FLOOR  18" 
"          ftw>.     "  13" 

PARTITIONS  13" 

HEIQHT  (ST.  FLOOR      |fa» 
HEIGHT  a>to.FLOOR    lfc» 

LOWER  FLOOR      L  CONCRETE. 
SECOND  FLOOR  3"  PLANK. 


GROUND    PLAN. 


Cjratfe   m 

BRANCH  GARBAGE  INCINERATOR 


BRICK  ENCLOSURE  TOR  SAME. 


Fig.  34. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  207 

APPROACH  ROADWAY  TO  BUILDING. 

The  approach  roadway  to  second  floor  should  be  not 
more  than  20  per  cent  grade,  and  12  feet  in  width,  with 
the  retaining  walls  of  the  best  hard  brick,  laid  on  solid 
rock  foundation  and  supported  by  steel  I  beams,  with  the 
best  fire-proofing  to  be  used  between  the  beams.  The 
roadway  to  be  laid  with  vitrified  paving  brick,  or  granite 
blocks. 

The  building  should  be  of  ample  dimensions  to  permit 
of  future  power  installations.  For  a  50  or  80-ton  incin- 
erator, the  building  should  be  at  least  56  feet  in  length  and 
40  feet  in  width. 

Figs.  34,  35  and  36  show  plans  of  building  suitable  for 
the  Branch  and  other  Incinerators. 


210  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


NATURAL  AND  MECHANICAL  DRAFT. 

The  maintenance  of  proper  draft  at  all  times,  irre- 
spective of  the  nature  or  quantity  of  the  furnace  charge,  or 
the  atmospheric  conditions,  is  the  first  and  most  essential 
requirement  for  the  successful  incineration  of  garbage. 

Without  sufficient  draft,  under  positive  and  flexible 
control,  the  high  furnace  temperature  necessary  for  the 
complete  incineration  of  garbage,  cannot  be  obtained,  and 
if  obtained  could  not  be  maintained. 

Combustion  in  all  furnaces,  is  simply  the  combination 
of  the  elements  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the  garbage  or 
fuel  used,  with  the  oxygen  in  the  air. 

The  supply  of  air  is  furnished  by  the  draft,  and  the  draft 
is  produced  either  by  natural  or  mechanical  means. 

A  NATURAL  DRAFT  is  produced  by  a  stack  or  chimney, 
while  a  mechanical  draft  is  produced  by  mechanical  means, 
such  as  a  blower,  a  fan,  or  a  steam  jet.  The  draft  pro- 
duced by  a  blower  or  steam  jet  is  called  a  FORCED  OR 
PLENUM  draft,  while  that  produced  by  a  fan  is  an  IN- 
DUCED OR  VACUUM  DRAFT. 

The  natural  draft  is  the  oldest  and  the  most  primitive 
method  of  producing  a  draft,  but  for  a  garbage  incin- 
erator it  is  insufficient  and  unsuitable.  The  constructors 
of  American  incinerators  alone  have  employed  this 
method  for  obtaining  a  draft,  and  it  is  partially  due  to 
this  fact  that  there  has  been  such  a  great  number  of  fail- 
ures in  this  country. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  211 

Of  the  200  incinerators  in  successful  operation  in  other 
countries,  not  one  uses  other  than  a  mechanical  draft, 
either  forced  or  induced. 

The  reason  for  this  is  apparent  when  you  consider  that 
1,700  pounds  of  every  ton  of  garbage  consumed  is  water, 
and  of  such  character  that  unless  the  furnace  temperature 
is  maintained  at  a  minimum  of  1,500  degrees  the  garbage 
cakes,  and  will  choke  any  draft  obtained  by  natural  means. 
Again,  unless  almost  perfect  combustion  is  maintained 
the  temperature  of  the  furnace  quickly  falls  to  a  point 
where  perfect  incineration  will  no  longer  take  place,  thus 
permitting  noxious  odors  to  escape  unconsumed. 

In  order  to  obtain  sufficient  draft  to  maintain  the  de- 
sired temperature  of  2,000  degrees,  it  becomes  necessary 
to  increase  the  height  of  the  chimney,  and  in  so  doing 
from  20  to  40  per  cent  of  the  heat  of  the  fuel  is  dissipated 
in  the  atmosphere  without  useful  effect. 

Any  attempt  to  utilize  a  portion  of  this  waste  heat  nec- 
essarily reduces  the  temperature,  and  lessens  the  draft, 
for  draft  is  produced  by  the  difference  of  heated  air  in 
the  chimney  and  cooler  air  outside,  that  is  the  unbalanced 
pressure  between  the  two. 

A  chimney  of  excessive  height  would  afford  no  relief, 
for  a  draft  so  produced  is  neither  positive  nor  flexible,  as 
is  necessary  for  the  consuming  of  fuel  the  nature  of  the 
ordinary  garbage. 

A  high  chimney  also  entails  considerable  expense  for 
its  erection,  in  addition  to  this  continual  waste  of  useful 
heat. 

As  compared  with  this  insufficient  and  wasteful  process 
of  air  movement,  an  induction  fan  calls  for  an  expendi- 
ture of  only  about  one-fourth  of  the  heat  required  for 
the  chimney  in  order  to  produce  the  same  results. 


212 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


With  a  mechanical  draft  the  temperature  of  the  fur- 
nace is  always  under  control,  and  without  waste  of  heat. 
Such  a  draft  is  both  positive  and  flexible,  and  with  it  can 
be  obtained  and  maintained  almost  perfect  combustion, 
which  means  that  all  useful  heat  is  utilized,  and  the  com- 
plete absence  of  all  smoke  and  smell. 

The  standard  test  for  determining-  the  efficiency  of 
combustion  is  the  test  for  CO2  (Carbonic  oxide).  The 
more  perfect  the  combustion,  the  higher  being  the  percent- 
age of  this  gas.  With  2  per  cent  only  of  CO2  in  the  gases 
of  combustion,  the  loss  of  heat  would  be  as  high  as  60  per 
cent,  due  to  the  heat  being  absorbed  by  the  excessive 
amount  of  the  cold  air  admitted  to  the  furnace.  With  10 
per  cent  of  CO2,  the  loss  of  heat  is  reduced  to  15  per  cent, 
while  with  15  per  cent  of  CO2,  the  loss  becomes  only  about 
10  per  cent. 

On  the  contrary,  the  greater  the  per  cent  of  CO  (Car- 
bon Monoxide),  the  more  imperfect  the  combustion,  due 
to  the  lack  of  sufficient  air.  The  following  tests  show 
how  perfect  is  the  combustion  with  a  mechanical  draft : 


STEAM  JET  BLOWER  DRAUGHT. 

Table  showing  percentage  of  CO2  in  the  gases  of  com- 
bustion : — 


Town. 
Oldham 


Rochdale 


Rate  of 
Combustion. 

..29      Ibs. 


50      Ibs. 


Ashpit 
Pressure. 

1 1-G  in. 


IVs    in. 


Average  c, 
CO2. 


Average  c, 
Oxygen. 


5  samples 

8.  CO 

10.90 

15.50 

3.90 

18.10 

1.40 

8.50 

10.70 

13.30 

6'.  30 

18.90 

.96 

17.36 

1.90 

HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


213 


Town. 
Lancaster 

Rate  of 
Combustion. 
.  .59%  Ibs. 

Ashpit 
Pressure. 
1.75  in. 

Average  % 
CO2. 
15.5 

Average  % 
Oxygen. 

Nelson 

...29      Ibs. 

1.50  in. 

13.16 

68%  Ibs. 

2%    in. 

14.40 

57      Ibs. 

1.85  in. 

(30  readings) 
12.21 

Hereford 

.  .  .54.  88  Ibs. 

51.52  Ibs. 
54.75  Ibs. 

1.45  in. 

1.37  in. 
1.82  in. 

15.56 
14.92 
16.84 
16.83 
16.27 
16.38 

(20  readings) 
5.40 
(16  readings) 
3.54 
(14  readings) 
3.74 

FAN  DRAUGHT. 

Table  showing  percentage  of  CO2  in  the  gases  of  com- 
bustion : 

Average 

Rate  of          Ashpit 

Combustion     Pressure     Average  %  Average  % 

Town.        per  sq.ft.      of  Water.         of  CO2.  of  Oxygen. 

St.  Helens 103       Ibs.     3.1    in.     (21  readings)        (20  readings) 

10.4  9.16 

Blackburn    ...   34.66  Ibs.  11.87  

Warrington   ..   59       Ibs.     2       in.  7.2  11.8 

Metropolitan 
Borough  of 
Wandsworth  68.4  Ibs.  2.55  in.  7.93  12.25 

One  of  the  requirements  of  constructors  of  incinerators 
should  be  'that  an  analysis  of  the  chimney  gases  should 
show  at  least  15  per  cent  CO2  and  not  a  trace  of  CO,  for 
it  is  only  with  such  a  high  state  of  combustion  can  incin- 
eration be  made  either  financially  satisfactory  to  the  city, 
or  unobjectionable  to  the  citizens. 

All  incinerators  should  be  equipped  both  with  steam 
jets  or  blower,  for  a  forced  draft,  and  duplex  fans  for 
an  induced  draft,  but  of  the  two,  the  induced  draft  is  by 
far  the  most  essential  and  effective.  With  the  forced  draft 


Blower,  Forced  Draft  System. 
Fig.  37. 


Induced   Draft  System. 
Fig.  38. 


216  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

the  air  is  forced  through  the  fires  from  the  closed  ash 
pit,  while  with  an  induced  draft,  it  is  drawn  through  the 
fires  by  creating  a  vacuum  over  the  fires.  In  the  induced 
system  the  exhaust  fan  is  used  in  place  of  the  chimney,  or 
supplementary  to  it,  the  products  of  combustion  being 
drawn  into  the  fan  and  exhausted  into  the  chimney,  which 
needs  to  be  merely  high  enough  to  carry  the  smoke  and 
gases  clear  of  the  roof  of  the  building.  The  fan  itself 
maintains  the  partial  vacuum  that  would  exist  with  a 
chimney  of  suitable  height.  Figs.  37  and  38  show  these 
two  systems  in  operation. 

With  this  system  the  maximum  intensity  01  me  draft 
obtainable  is  greater  and  permits  a  much  wider  range 
regulation  than  with  the  forced-draft  system.  The  leak- 
age of  air  is  also  inward,  thus  avoiding  the  constant  out- 
ward leakage,  as  in  the  forced-draft  system. 

The  induced-draft  system  offers  the  additional  advan- 
tage that  the  supply  of  air  above  the  fire  can  be  nicely 
adjusted  to  secure  more  perfect  combustion.  While  the 
maximum  intensity  of  the  draft  of  the  chimney  is  largely 
dependent  upon  atmospheric  conditions,  as  well  as  height, 
the  intensity  of  the  draft  when  produced  mechanically  is 
limited  only  by  the  speed  of  the  fan,  which  can  be  made 
to  cover  a  wide  range  of  conditions. 

When  regenerators  for  heating  the  air  for  combina- 
tion, or  economizers,  are  used  in  connection  with  the  in- 
cinerator or  boilers,  mechanical  draft  then  becomes  almost 
a  necessity  to  provide  some  means  of  furnishing  sufficient 
air  for  combustion,  in  order  that  the  gases  may  reach  the 
chimney,  at  a  sufficiently  high  temperature  to  produce  a 
draft.*  When  a  forced  draft  alone  is  used  with  a  chim- 
ney, the  forced  draft  and  the  chimney  pull  should  be  so 
regulated  that  a  perfect  balance  of  the  gases  is  main- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  217 

tained.  When  such  a  condition  exists  no  cold  air  can  be 
drawn  into  the  furnace,  even  when  the  fire  doors  are  left 
open. 

The  principal  advantages  claimed  for  mechanical  draft 
are  as  follows  : — • 

(1)  The  ability  to  control  the  rate  of  combustion. 

(2)  A  close  regulation  of  the  air  required  for  com 
bustion,  thus  avoiding  improper  combustion. 

(3)  Reduction  of  the  first  cost  for  producing  the  draft 
required. 

.  (4)  Permits  the  installation  of  regenerators  and  econo- 
mizers without  the  necessity  of  providing  additional  means 
for  maintaining  the  draft. 

(5)  Permits  an  absolutely  uniform  draft,  regardless 
of  atmospheric  conditions. 

(6)  For  increasing  the  draft,  where  insufficient  chim- 
ney capacity  exists. 

(7)  Permits  the  use  of  highly-heated  air  for  combus- 
tion without  increasing  the  waste  heat. 

(8)  With  mechanical  draft  the  draft  is  independent 
of  the  condition  of  the  fire,  and  consequently  a  banked 
fire  can  be  started  up  quickly.     With  a  natural  draft,  the 
intensity  of  the  draft  depends  on  the  intensity  of  the  fire, 
and  is  therefore  least  when  the  fire  is  low  and  draft  is 
most  needed. 

DRAFT  WATER  GAUGE. 

The  intensity  of  the  draft  is  measured  by  means  of  a 
water  gauge,  as  shown  in  Fig.  39.  The  gauge  consists  of 
a  glass  tube  open  at  both  ends,  bent  to  the  shape  of  the 
letter  U.  To  use  the  gauge,  the  left  leg  is  connected  with 
the  chimney  and  the  right  leg  left  open  to  the  outside  air. 
The  air  outside  of  the  chimney  being  heavier,  it  presses  on 


OjL- 
PEE~ 
05£~ 

lEE 


6— 


fO— 


s-..<a>     ®g.- 


Draft  Gages. 
Fig.  39. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  219 

the  surface  of  the  water  in  this  leg  and  forces  some  of  it 
up  higher  in  the  left  leg.  The  difference  in  the  two  water 
levels  in  the  legs,  represents  the  intensity  of  the  draft, 
which  is  expressed  not  in  ounces,  but  in  inches. 

Wood  requires  about  one-half  inch  of  draft;  bituminous 
coal  requires  less  draft  than  anthracite.  To  burn  ant  lira- 
cite  or  slack  coal  requires  about  one  and  one-fourth  inches 
of  draft.  Two  inches  is  about  as  much  draft  as  can  be  ob- 
tained with  a  natural  draft,  but  with  a  mechanical  draft, 
five  inches,  if  necessary,  can  be  easily  obtained,  the  rate 
at  which  it  is  necessary  to  run  the  fan  depending  upon 
the  temperature  of  the  heated  gases. 

HOT  AIR  FOR  COMBUSTION. 

Owing  to  the  moist  nature  of  garbage,  70  to  80  per  cent 
being  water,  and  the  great  absorbent  properties  of  heated 
air,  no  incinerator  fills  the  modern  requirements  unless  all 
air  which  is  forced  into  the  furnace  for  combustion  is  first 
heated  by  some  economical  means. 

This  is  usually  done  in  English  destructors  by  utilizing 
the  heated  gases  for  this  purpose,  after  they  have  left  the 
boiler  and  before  entering  the  stack.  These  heated  gases 
are  passed  through  a  nest  of  iron  pipes,  and  the  cold  air 
which  is  used  for  combustion  is  made  to  circulate  around 
these  pipes  as  it  passes  to  the  furnace.  This  is  done  by 
the  use  of  an  induced  draft,  using  steam  jets  to  draw  the 
heated  air  through  a  conduit,  which  connects  direct  with 
the  ash  pit,  from  which  the  air  is  forced  through  the 
fires  with  a  blower. 

RETENTION  OF  DUST. 

As  the  weight  of  the  dust  produced  forms  about  5  per 
cent,  of  the  total  weight  of  the  garbage  consumed,  all 


220  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

constructors  should  be  required  to  specify  the  method 
adopted  by  them  to  prevent  the  escape  of  this  dust  from 
the  stack.  Should  no  method  be  provided,  in  addition  to 
the  nuisance  which  will  result,  the  heating  surface  of  the 
boiler  will  be  reduced,  and  the  draft  materially  suffer. 
The  flues  of  the  boiler  should  be  large,  never  less  than 
6  inches,  which  will  assist  in  causing  a  low  velocity  of 
travel  in  the  flues,  and  a  dust-catcher  or  collecting  cham- 
ber be  provided  between  the  incinerator  and  boiler,  so  as 
to  prevent  as  much  as  possible  this  dust  entering  the 
boiler. 

The  earlier  this  dust  is  deposited  the  better,  and  any 
form  of  combustion  chamber,  dust-catcher  or  collecting 
chamber  which  secures  this  result  should  be  satisfactory. 

Such  chambers  can  be  very  simple  of  construction,  one 
of  the  most  successful  forms  being  in  use  at  the  Taunton 
plant  in  England.  It  consists  simply  of  two  annular 
chambers,  one  smaller  and  enclosed  in  the  larger.  The 
gases  enter  the  outer  chamber  and  circulate  around  it, 
thereby  throwing  the  dust  against  the  outer  wall  and 
thence  enter  the  inner  chamber  through  an  opening  in 
the  top  of  same  and  flowing  downward  to  escape  into 
the  chimney.  Cleaning  doors  are  provided  for  removing 
the  dust  which  accumulates. 

I  have  taken  the  Rochdale  destructor  as  a  model  plant 
of  efficiency  and  economy.  As  can  be  seen  from  the 
following  analyses  of  the  chimney  gases,  the  percentage 
of  CO2  is  extremely  high,  while  not  a  trace  of  CO  is 
shown. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


221 


ROCHDALE  DESTRUCTOR. 


ROCHDALE,  ENGLAND. 


Population,  83,114 


Tests  Made  at  the  Corporation  Sanitary  Works. 

CO  NIL. 
(W.  F.  Goodrich's  "Refuse  Disposal.") 

Date   of   test Mar.  1/95.  Nov.  14/95.  Nov.  15/95 

Duration   of   test 6  hours      6  ^  hours      6  %  hours 

Total  refuse  destroyed 11.4  tons      13.75  tons      14.3  tons 

Refuse  burnt  per  hour 4,256  Ibs.       4,738  Ibs.       4.945  Ibs. 

Refuse  burnt  per  hour,  per  sq. 

ft.   of  grate 47.3  Ibs        52.6  Ibs.         54.9  Ibs. 

Water   evaporated    per    Ib.    of 

refuse     1.64  Ibs.        1.39  Ibs.          1.47  Ibs. 

Equivalent     evaporation,     from 

and  at  212  degrees 1.97  Ibs.        1.68  Ibs.          1.78  Ibs. 

Number  of  boilers  used Two  One  One 

Temperature  of  feed  water 53°  F.  52°  F.  52°  F. 

Total    water   evaporated 42,072  Ibs.     42,900  Ibs.     47,400  Ibs. 

Water   evaporated   per  hour 7,012  Ibs.       6,600  Ibs.       7,290  Ibs. 

Equivalent   evap.   from   and   at 

212  degrees  F 8,431  Ibs.       7,980  Ibs.       8,820  Ibs. 

Average    steam     pressure    per 

sq.    inch 113  Ibs.          113  Ibs.          114  Ibs. 

Percentage  of  (CO2)  in  products 

of   combustion 15.9  Ibs. 

Percentage  of  free  oxygen 2.2  Ibs. 

Labor  cost  per    ton    of    refuse 

destroyed    ll/2  d. 


COMPARISON    OF    COSTS FIXED    CHARGES    FOR    CHIMNEY 

AND  INDUCED  DRAFT. 


(Walter  B.  Snow.) 


First  Cost 

Ratio 


Method  of  Draft  Production 

Amount 

Chimney $10,000  1.00 

Induced  Draft  Plant  (2  fans)   4,200  .42 

Induced  Draft  Plant  (1  fan)  2,670  .267 

Forced  Draft  Plant  (1  fan)  1,870          .187 


Annual 
Fixed  Charges 
Amount     Ratio 


$800 
462 
294 
206 


1.00 
.58 
.37 
.26 


222  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

RELATIVE   COSTS  OF   BOILER  PLANT,   WITH    CHIMNEY  AND 
MECHANICAL  DRAFT. 

12  Boilers $37,000 

2  Economizers    10,500 

Boiler  and  economizer  settings  and  by-passes 9,000 

Automatic  damper  regulators  and  'dampers 400 

Chimney,  including  foundations   10,700 

Boiler  house 11,500 

Total $79,100 

RELATIVE  COSTS. 
Chimney  Draft.  Mechanical  Draft. 

Cost  of  chimney $10,700      Cost  of  mechanical  draft 

Cost    of    damper    regu-  plant,    complete $4,700 

lators  and  dampers . . .        400      Saving  by  using  mechan- 
ical draft 6,400 


Total    $11,100          Total    $11,100 

The  costs  of  the  chimney  and  the  mechanical-draft 
apparatus,  which  are  also  indicated,  show  a  saving  in 
first  cost  of  $6,400,  as  the  result  of  using  the  mechanical- 
draft  method. 

INFORMATION    REQUIRED   FOR   ESTIMATE    UPON    MECHAN- 
ICAL DRAFT  APPARATUS. 

Total  number  of  boilers ....  Type  of  boilers 

Total  square  feet  of  grate  surface Total  square 

feet  of  heating  surface 

Dimensions  of  Boilers:  No.  of  each  size  

Diameter  Length  of  tubes  

No.  of  tubes Diameter  of  tubes 

Rated  horse-power  of  plan ....  H.  P.  present  output .  .  . 

H.  P.  desired  output.  .  .  .H.  P.  steam  pressure Ibs. 

Rate  of  combustion  per  sq.  ft.  of  grate  per  hour Ibs, 

Kind  of  fuel  to  be  burned Total  amount  to  be 

burned  per  hour Ibs.  Size  of  present  chimney. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  223 

Height  ....  ft.    Internal  dimensions inches.    Type 

of  grate Percentage  of  free  area  through 

grate Kind  of  stoker,  if  any   is  used. , 

Kind  and  size  of  economizer,  if  any  is  used 

Intensity  of  draft  at  base  of  chimney.  .  .  .inches  of  water. 
Temp,  of  escaping  gases ....  degs.  F.    Is  this  estimate  for 

a  proposed  or  an  existing  plant? 

If  for  any  interval  the  above  conditions  are  exceeded, 
state  for  how  long  and  how  much. 


HKAT  AND  LIGHT.  225 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


THE  COMPARATIVE  ADVANTAGES  OF  VARI- 
OUS TYPES  OF  STEAM  BOILERS  FOR  IN- 
CINERATING AND  CENTRAL  HEATING 
PLANTS. 

Owing  to  the  dust  which  is  unavoidable  in  all  incinerat- 
ing plants,  a  water  tube  boiler  is  preferable  to  the  ordinary 
shell  boiler,  unless  the  flues  of  latter  are  at  least  6  inches 
in  diameter.  With  flues  of  this  size,  either  style  of  boiler 
can  be  used  to  advantage. 

For  central  heating  plants  water  tube  boilers  are  prefer- 
able, owing  to  their  quick  steaming  qualities. 

As  the  question  of  the  proper  selection  of  boilers  will 
enter  into  all  contracts  for  installing  incinerating  or  heat- 
ing plants,  a  few  of  the  leading  types  of  American  boilers, 
with  proper  specifications  for  same,  are  here  given  with 
illustrations. 

Fig.  40  illustrates  a  common  type  of  a  water-tube  boiler. 
In  such  a  boiler  the  water  circulates  through  a  series  of 
tubes  of  comparatively  small  diameter,  which  communi- 
cate with  each  other  and  with  a  common  steam  chamber. 
The  flames  and  hot  gases  are  made  to  circulate  between 
them  and  are  usually  forced  by  baffle  plates  to  be  made  to 
act  equally  on  all  parts  of  the  tubes  before  being  allowed 
to  escape  up  the  chimney. 

While  there  are  many  varieties  of  this  type  of  boiler, 
the  above  description  constitutes  the  essential  principles 
of  them  all. 


15 


226  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

In  the  best  forms  of  these  boilers,  they  are  suspended 
entirely  independent  of  the  brick-work  from  wrought- 
iron  girders  resting  on  iron  columns. 

The  chief  advantages  claimed  for  this  type  of  boiler 
are: 

(1)  Safety   from   explosions,   owing  to   the  contents 
of  the  boiler  being  divided  up  into  small  portions  through- 
out the  water  tubes,  water  legs  and  steam  drums.    Should 
there  be  a  rupture  in  the  tubes,  or  any  part  of  the  boiler, 
only  the  immediate  contents  wrill  be  liberated,  instead  of 
the  entire  mass  of  water  and  steam. 

(2)  The  tubes  being  of  much  smaller  diameter  than 
would  be  necessary  if  there  were  only  a  few  in  number, 
they  can  be  made  much  stronger,  and  therefore  less  likely 
to  rupture. 

(3)  Owing  to  their  contents  being  held  in  small  por- 
tions, instead  of  in  a  large  mass  of  water,  they  possess 
quick  steaming  qualities. 

The  disadvantages  of  these  boilers  are  as  follows: 

(1)  They  require  more  masonry  for  their  setting,  and 
occupy  more  space  than  shell  boilers. 

(2)  Owing  to  the  water  being  held  in  small  quanti- 
ties, irregular  firing  is  apt  to  cause  a  violent  generation 
of  steam,  producing    sudden    fluctuations    of    pressure, 
which  may  result  in  priming  and  thereby  overheating  the 
tubes. 

(3)  While  this  type  of  boiler  is  very  susceptible  for 
cleaning,  the  scale  which  forms  in  the  tubes  at  times  be- 
comes very  difficult  to  remove. 


The  Sterling  Water  Tube  Boiler. 
Fig.  41. 


The   Babcock  &   Wilcox   Boiler. 


228  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Among  the  principal  manufacturers  of  this  type  of 
boiler  in  this  country,  are : 

The  Heine  Safety  Boiler  Co., 
The  John  O'Brien  Boiler  Works  Co., 
The  Erie  City  Iron  Works  Co., 
The  Sterling  Consolidated  Boiler  Co., 
The  Babcock  &  Wilcox  Boiler  Co. 

SHELL,  OR  HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR  BOILERS. 

This  is  the  most  popular  form  of  boiler  in  use,  possess- 
ing many  advantages  over  all  other  types,  the  first  or 
which  is  its  cheapness. 

Its  principal  advantages  are  its  steady  steaming  quali- 
ties, its  durability  and  adaptability  to  any  class  of  work. 

In  this  type  of  boiler,  as  shown  in  Fig.  42,  the  shell 
is  filled  with  small  tubes  or  flues  varying  in  diameter  from 
2  inches  to  6  inches,  determined  by  the  size  of  the  boiler 
and  the  work  required,  the  products  of  combustion  being 
made  to  pass  through  the  tubes  or  flues,  instead  of  around 
them  as  in  the  water-tube  type  of  boiler. 

The  principal  disadvantages  of  this  type  of  boiler  are : 

(1)  Its  lack  of  safety. 

(2)  Its  slow  steaming  qualities,  owing  to  the  large 
body  of  water  to  be  heated. 

(3)  The  liability  of  the  tubes  or  flues  to  rupture,  ow- 
ing to  the  large  diameter  necessary  for  same. 

(4)  The  amount  of  space  necessary  for  boiler  setting. 

In  both  of  the  above  types  of  boilers  the  chief  consid- 
erations are,  proper  circulation,  and  a  sufficient  length  of 
travel  of  the  gases  before  escaping  up  the  chimney.  Ow- 
ing to  these  two  types  possessing  these  two  requirements 
above  all  other  types  of  boilers,  they  are  recognized  as  the 
standard  boilers  throughout  the  world. 


230  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Among  the  principal  manufacturers  of  this  type  of 
boiler,  are: 

The  Joseph  F.  Wangler  Boiler  and  Sheet  Iron  Works, 

The  Kewanee  Boiler  Co., 

The  John  O'Brien  Boiler  Works  Co., 

John  Rohan  &  Sons  Boiler  Works  Co. 

VERTICAL  TUBULAR   BOILERS. 

This  is  one  of  the  first  types  of  boilers  used,  owing  to 
its  extreme  simplicity. 

As  shown  in  Fig.  43  this  boiler  consists  of  a  casing  or 
shell,  cylindrical  in  shape,  composed  of  steel  plates  riveted 
together.  The  top  is  made  dome  shape,  in  the  center  of 
which  is  placed  the  chimney,  which  is  formed  of  the  usual 
wrought-iron  plates.  The  furnace,  which  is  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  this  shell,  is  entirely  surrounded  by  water,  ex- 
cept the  bottom,  in  which  is  placed  the  grates.  The  tubes 
pass  through  the  boiler,  connecting  the  furnace  with  the 
top  of  the  boiler.  The  connection  of  these  tubes  deter- 
mines whether  the  boiler  is  (1)  a  through-tube  boiler,  or 
(2)  a  submerged-tube  boiler.  The  latter  type  is  prefer- 
able, but  more  expensive. 

These  boilers  are  used  where  floor  space  is  valuable  and 
there  is  sufficient  height.  While  in  general  they  are  not  as 
economical  as  other  types  of  boilers,  they  are  becoming 
more  universally  used  owing  to  their  many  other  good 
qualities. 

Among  their  principal  advantages  are: 

(1)  Entirely  self-contained. 

(2)  The  small  amount  of  floor  space  required. 

(3)  Ease  of  installation. 

(4)  Portable  character,  permitting  them  to  be  removed 
from  one  place  to  another  with  ease  and  dispatch. 


Upright  Submerged  Tubular  Boiler. 

Fig.  43. 


232  HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 

(5)  Their  extreme  simplicity. 

(6)  Their  low  cost,  and  durability. 

Their  principal  disadvantages  are: 

(1)  Their  lack  of  safety. 

(2)  Waste  of  fuel  owing  to  short  travel  of  gases,  and 
lack  of  proper  circulation. 

While  this  boiler  is  largely  manufactured  throughout 
the  country,  the  Brown  ell  Engine  Co.  is  one  of  the  best 
known  manufacturers. 

The  above  three  types  of  boilers  are  the  standard  types 
generally  used,  though  there  are  many  other  types  which 
for  their  particular  work  are  equally  as  good,  or  possibly 
better.  The  character  of  the  work  required  must  largely 
determine  the  nature  of  the  boiler  to  be  used.  While  the 
safety  of  the  boiler  itself  is  naturally  the  first  considera- 
tion in  all  types  of  boilers,  with  the  modern  requirements 
and  the  high  class  of  men  who  are  engaged  in  the  con- 
struction of  boilers,  it  might  be  said  that  less  attention 
can  be  paid  by  the  purchaser  to  this  than  to  the  many 
requirements  which  are  seemingly  less  important.  The 
American  boiler  leads  all  boilers  in  safety  of  construction 
and  efficiency,  and  the  municipality  or  citizen  who  finds 
it  necessary  to  purchase  a  boiler,  can  do  so  with  the  assur- 
ance that  no  advantage  will  be  taken  of  him  by  any  of  the 
leading  boiler  makers  of  this  country.  The  safety  of  the 
public  depends  to  a  large  extent  upon  the  honor  of  the 
plate  manufacturer  and  that  of  the  boiler  maker,  for  how- 
ever strict  inspections  may  be  made,  it  is  impossible  to  dis- 
cover all  hidden  defects.  I  have  never  known  it  to  be 
abused  by  them. 

Figure  46  represents  a  type  of  an  English  boiler,  which 
though  one  of  the  first  types  used,  is  still  popular  in  that 
country,  and  especially  so  for  incinerating  plants. 


234 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


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Sectional  View. 


Type  of   Internal    Furnace   Boiler. 
Fig.  44. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

INTERNAL  FURNACE  BOILERS. 
Figs.  44  and  45. 

The  types  of  the  boilers  heretofore  described  have  all 
been  external  furnace  boilers,  that  is,  the  furnace  is 
outside  of  the  boiler  shell  and  distinct  from  same. 

The  internal  furnace  type  of  boiler,  on  the  contrary, 
has  its  furnace  within  the  boiler  shell. 

The  chief  advantage  of  this  type  of  boiler  for  ordinary 
work  is  the  economy  of  first  cost,  they  being  "self-con- 
tained," that  is,  they  are  independent  of  any  masonry 
setting,  cast  iron  fronts,  buckstays,  tie  rods,  etc.,  there- 
fore they  require  but  little  foundation,  and  are  suscepti- 
ble of  being  easily  removed  from  one  location  to  another. 

They  are  also  capable  of  carrying  an  extremely  high 
steam  pressure  and  are  steady  steamers. 

Owing  to  the  furnaces  being  entirely  surrounded  by 
water,  the  heat  of  combustion  is  utilized  to  a  greater  ex- 
tent than  is  practical  with  external  furnace  boilers.  These 
boilers  are  extremely  economical  in  the  consumption  of 
coal,  not  only  for  the  above  reasons,  but  owing  to  the 
absence  of  all  brick  setting,  which  settings  usually  crack 
and  allow  the  heat  to  escape. 

The  principal  disadvantages  of  this  type  of  boiler  is 
the  short  travel  of  the  gases,  thereby  permitting  them  to 
escape  at  too  high  a  temperature  up  the  stack. 

The  circulation  is  also  defective  owing  to  faulty  con- 
struction, and  the  distribution  of  the  heating  surface. 

The  leading  manufacturers  of  these  boilers  are : 

The  Continental  Iron  Works, 

Springfield  Boiler  and  Manufacturing  Co., 

Freeman  &  Sons  Manufacturing  Co., 

Rhemmeli-Dawley  Manufacturing  Co. 


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238  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  A  SAFETY  WATER 
TUBE  BOILER. 

NUMBER,  TYPE  AND  SIZE. 

There  shall  be  boiler.  .  of  the  horizontal  in- 
clined water  tube  type,  rated  at horse  power;  the 

term  horse  power  being  understood  to  mean  30  pounds 
of  water  evaporated  per  hour  from  feed  water  having 
a  temperature  of  100  degrees  Fahrenheit  into  steam  at 
70  Ibs.  gauge  pressure. 

GENERAL,  DESCRIPTION. 

The  boiler  in  all  its  main  parts  is  to  be  composed  of 
plate  steel.  It  is  to  consist  of  two  water  legs  of  equal 
size,  approximately  rectangular  in  shape,  joined  together 
by  means  of  a  series  of  vertical  and  horizontal  staggered 

rows  of  tubes,  and    overhead  circulating  steam 

and  water  drum .  . .  The  drum .  .  and  tubes  are  to  be, 
made  parallel  to  each  other,  and  the  water  legs  made 
perpendicular  to  both.  When  boiler  is  erected,  same  must 
incline  towards  the  rear  a  distance  of  1  inch  per  lineal 
foot. 

PLATES. 

All  plates  used  in  the  construction  of boilers .  . 

are  to  be  of  the  best  open  hearth  homogeneous  flange 
steel,  having  a  tensile  strength  of  60,000  pounds  per, 
square  inch  of  section.  These  plates  are  to  be  plainly 
stamped  with  the  name  of  the  manufacturer,  the  tensile 
strength  and  the  quality;  said  stamps  to  be  so  located  as 
to  be  easily  visible  after  the  boiler .  .  has  been  completed. 

The  thicknesses  required  for  these  plates  are  given 
under  the  various  paragraphs  relating  to  the  specific  parts 
of  the  boiler  herein  described. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  239 

TUBES. 

boiler  is  to  contain tubes, 

each  having  an  outside  diameter  of  3J^  inches,  and  a 

length  of feet.  Each  tube  is  to  be  of  the  best 

lap-welded  quality  standard  gauge  in  thickness,  and  made 
of The  ends  of  all  tubes  are  to  be  thor- 
oughly expanded  into  the  tube  plates  of  the  water  legs. 

The  distance  from  center  to  center  horizontally  of  the 
tubes  is  to  be  T*4  inches,  and  the  distance  vertically  is  to 
be  5  inches,  except  that  between  the  bottom  row  and 
the"  next  row  above,  which  is  to  be  8^/2  inches,  so  as  to 
permit  the  introduction  of  a  course  of  tile  on  top  of  the 
lower  row. 

WATER  LEGS. 

boiler  is  to  be  furnished  with  two  water  legs, 

each  consisting  of  a  tube  plate,  and  a  hand  hole  plate 
joined  together  by  means  of  a  strap  riveted  around  the 
outside.  These  plates  are  to  be  so  arranged  as  to  leave 
a  clear  space  of  10  inches  between  them  on  the  inside. 

The  hand  hole  plate  of  each  water  leg  is  to  be  furnished 
with  a  series  of  oval  hand  holes,  each  measuring  3^ 
inches  by  4%  inches  in  size,  and  furnished  with  a  heavy 
cast  iron  cover  plate,  one  four-prong  arch,  one  bolt  and 
a  lead  gasket.  A  hand  hole  is  located  directly  in  front 
of  each  end  of  each  tube  so  as  to  permit  easy  access  for 
cleaning. 

The  water  leg  plates  are  to  be  thoroughly  stay-bolted 
together  by  means  of  hollow  stays,  each  having  a  mini- 
mum outside  diameter  of  1  9-16  inches,  spaced  a  distance 
of  7J4  inches  center  to  center  horizontally,  5  inches  center 
to  center  vertically. 


240  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

CASTINGS. 

boiler  is  to  be  furnished  with  one  standard  type 

water  tube  boiler  front,  a  sufficient  number  of  cast  iron 

grate  bars  for  covering  a  width  of inches,  and  a 

length  of inches,  one  back  grate  bearing  bar,  two 

(2)  soot  doors  and  frames,  one  set  of  back  wall  support- 
ing plates,  and  one  set  of  saddles  for  locating  underneath 
the  rear  water  leg. 

BOILER  SUPPORTS. 

The  front  water  leg  is  intended  to  be  supported  by 
means  of  cast  iron  columns  located  in  the  lower  section 
of  the  boiler  front,  and  the  rear  water  leg  by  means  of  a 
low  supporting  wall. 

TUBE  TILE. 

A  full  set  of  special    fire  clay  tube  tile  is  to 

be  furnished  for  covering  the  top  and  the  bottom  rows 
of  tubes. 

TILE  BARS. 

Two  tile  bars  made  of  l}4-inch  square  iron  are  to  be 

furnished  for circulating  drum.     These  bars  are 

to  be  held  in  place  by  means  of  wrought  iron  hangers 
located  at  intervals  of  four  feet,  and  securely  bolted  to  the 
shell;  the  purpose  of  the  bars  being  to  support  the  ends 
of  the  tiling,  closing  in  around  the  drum. 

drum  is  to  be  furnished  with  a flange 

having  an  internal  diameter  of  ....  inches,  and  riveted 
to  the  top  of  the  shell,  a  distance  of  ....  inches  between 
the  center  of  the  same  and  the  front  edge  of  the  shell 
plate. 

A inch  feed  pipe  connection  is  to  enter  the  front 

head  of    drum  as  near  the  bottom  as  possible. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  241 

extending  towards  the  rear,  and  arranged  to  discharge 
directly  over  the  opening  leading  to  the  rear  water  leg. 
All  seams  around  the  perimeters  of  the  water  legs  are 
to  be  furnished  with  single  riveted  lap  joints  with  rivets 
spaced  a  distance  of  2  inches  center  to  center,  and  having 
a  diameter,  after  being  driven,  of  13-16  inch.  At  the 
throats,  where  the  legs  are  attached  to  the  circulating 
drums,  double  riveted  lap  joints  are  used. 

CIRCULATING  DRUM. 

boiler  to  be  furnished  with drum.  .   for 

permitting  the  circulation  of  the  water  from  the  front 
water  leg  to  the  rear  water  leg,  and  also  affording  a  steam 
space  in  the  upper  half drum  is  to  have  an  in- 
ternal diameter  of inches,  and  a  length  of  shell  of 

feet inches.    The  heads  of drum .  . 

are  to  be  dished  to  a  radius  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the 
shell,  and  the  rear  head  is  to  be  furnished  with  a  manholq 
of  the  Hercules  pattern  approximately  10x16  inches  in 
size.  At  the  forward  end  of  ....  drum  is  to  be  located 
a  baffle  plate  extending  towards  the  rear  a  distance  of 
about  6  feet  and  located  directly  underneath  the  steam 
opening,  so  as  to  prevent  any  entrainment  in  the  steam. 
A  sufficient  opening  is  to  be  left  between  the  top  edge  of 
the  baffle  plate  and  the  top  of  the  shell  to  give  an  area 
equal  to  at  least  one  and  one-half  times  the  area  of  the 
steam  opening. 

TRIMMINGS. 

boiler  is  to  be  furnished  with inch 

pop  safety  valve set  to  blow  at Ibs.  per 

square  inch,  one feed  valve,  one   check 

valve,   1%  inch  asbestos-packed  blow-off  cocks, 

16 


242  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

one  water  column  fitted  with  1^-inch  pipe  connections 
to  boiler,  three  24 -inch  gauge  cocks,  one  24 -inch  glass 
water  gauge  with  brass  valves  and  guard  rods,  and  one 
steam  gauge  with  syphon. 

The  shell  plate  of circulating  drum  is  to  be  culj 

away  at  the  points  where  it  joins  to  the  water  legs;  this 

opening  to  be  reinforced  by  means  of plate  steel 

throat  stays  made  of  ^2 -inch  flange  steel  thoroughly 
riveted  to  the  same. 

All  shell  plates  are  to  have  a  thickness  of  ......  inch, 

and  the  heads  a  thickness  of inch. 

The  circumferential  seams  are  to  be  furnished  with 
single  riveted  lap  joints,  and  the  longitudinal  seams  with 
riveted joints. 

BUCK  STAYS. 

(      )   buck  stays  are  to  be  furnished  with 

boiler .  . .     Each  buck  stay  is  to  consist  of  two 

rolled  steel  angles,  3J^  inches  by  3^  inches  by  ^  inch  in 
size,  bolted  together  back  to  back  at  intervals  of  about 
three  feet  and  separated  by  means  of  thimbles  placed  on 
the  outsides  of  the  bolts,  a  distance  of  1 J4  inches  through- 
out the  entire  length tie  rods  made  of 

round  iron,  provided  with  all  the  necessary  nuts  ancj 
washers,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  extend  entirely  across 
the  width  of  the  setting,  are  to  be  furnished  with  the 
buck  stays. 

FIRB  TOOLS. 

boiler to  be  furnished  with  a  set  of 

fire  tools,  consisting  of  a  scoop,  hoe,  rake  and  slice  bar. 
There  is  also  to  be  furnished  one  3^ -inch  tube  scraper 
with  handle. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  243 

SMOKESTACK. 

smokestack  is  to  be  furnished  with    

boiler . .  having  a  diameter  of inches,  and  a  height 

of  .          .  feet  . 


TESTING  AND  INSPECTION. 

A  hydrostatic  pressure  of   pounds  per  square 

inch  is  to  be  applied  to boiler  before  it  leaves  the 

works,  and  a  certificate  of  said  test,  together  with  a  policy 

of  insurance  for  $ for  one  year,  issued  by  any 

reliable  boiler  insurance  company,  is  to  be  furnished. 

SPECIFICATIONS  FOR  A  HORIZONTAL  TUBU- 
LAR BOILER. 

NUMBER,  TYPE  AND  SIZE. 

There  shall  be boiler.  ...  of  the  Horizontal 

Tubular  Type,  each  having  a  diameter  of inches 

and  a  length,  as  measured  from  out  to  out  of  heads, 
of feet inches. 

TUBES,  ARRANGEMENTS,   ETC.. 

boiler  is  to  contain 

tubes,  each  having  an  outside  diameter  of inches 

and  a  length  of feet.     Each  tube  is  to  be  of  the 

best  lap-welded  quality,  standard  gauge  in  thickness  and 
made  of All  tubes  are  to  be  thor- 
oughly expanded  into  the  tube  holes  of  the  heads,  and 
after  this  is  done  the  ends  are  to  be  neatly  beaded  over  by 
means  of  round-nosed  tools,  driven  by  pneumatic  pressure. 
The  tubes  are  to  be  arranged  in  vertical  and  horizontal 


244  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

rows,  with  a  clear  space  of  one  inch  between  them,  ver- 
tically and  horizontally,  except  the  central  vertical  space, 
where  a  distance  of  two  inches  shall  be  allowed. 

PLATES,   QUALITY,  THICKNESS,   ETC. 

All  plates  used  in  the  shell  of boiler .  .  .  are  to  be 

made  of  the  best steel, 

having  a  tensile  strength  of  not  less  than  60,000  pounds 

per  square  inch,  and  a  thickness  of The  heads 

are  to  be  made  of  the  best  open  hearth  homogeneous 
flange  steel,  of  the  same  tensile  strength  as  that  mentioned 
for  the  shell  plates  and  having  a  thickness  of 

All  plates  are  to  be  plainly  stamped  with  the  name  of 
the  manufacturer,  the  tensile  strength  and  the  quality, 
said  stamps  to  be  so  located  as  to  be  easily  visible  after 
the  boiler been  completed. 

RIVETING. 

The  longitudinal  seams  are  to  be  furnished  with 

riveted joints,  with  all  rivets  so  arranged  as  to 

come  well  above  the  fire  line. 

BRACING. 

The  boiler  heads  are  to  be  braced  by  means  of  weldless 

steel  crow-foot  braces,  having  a  diameter  of inches, 

so  as  to  be  of  equal  strength  as  the  boiler  shell. 

DRY  PIPE. 

A  dry  pipe  is  to  be  located  on  the  inside  of boiler 

shell  and  is  to  be  connected  to  the steam  opening 

by  means  of  a  special  tee,  located  in  the  center.    This  dry 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  245 

pipe  is  to  be  closed  at  both  ends  and  is  to  be  furnished 
with  a  sufficient  number  of  J^-inch  diameter  holes  located 
on  the  upper  side  to  give  an  area  equal  to  twice  that  of 
the  steam  opening.  Both  ends  are  to  be  closed  and  a 
l/4  -inch  diameter  drip  hole  is  to  be  located  on  the  bottom 
of  the  dry  pipe  near  each  end. 

MANHOLES. 

A  manhole  of  the  Hercules  pattern  is  to  be  located 
in  the  front  head  beneath  the  tubes,  and  another 


CASTINGS. 

....  boiler.  .  to  be  furnished  with  a fire  front 

of  the pattern boiler  is  to  be  fur- 
nished with  a  sufficient  number  of  standard  cast  iron 

grate  bars  to  cover  a  width  of inches  and  a  length 

of inches ;  one  back  grate  bearing  bar ;  one  soot 

door  and  frame ;   skeleton  arch  plates 

boiler .  .  to  be  furnished  with  buck  staves,  pro- 
vided with  tie  rods,  nuts  and  washers. 

TRIMMINGS. 

boiler  is  to  be  furnished  with  one 

safety  valve ;  one blow-off  valve ;  one feed 

valve;  one check  valve;  one  combination  steam 

and   water  column,   with    pipe    connections    to 

boiler;  three  gauge  cocks;  one  glass  water  gauge,  with 
brass  valves  and  guard  rods ;  and  one  steam  gauge,  with 
syphon. 

BREECHING. 


246  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SMOKESTACK. 

One  smokestack  is  to  be  furnished  for boiler, 

having  a  diameter  of inches  and  a  height  of  . .  .  , 

feet,  made  of sheet  steel,  and  furnished  with 

feet  of galvanized  strand  for  guys. 

BOILER  SUPPORTS. 


TESTING  AND  INSPECTION. 

A  hydrostatic  pressure  of   pounds  per  square 

inch  is  to  be  applied  to boiler  before  it  leaves  our 

works,  and  a  certificate  of  said  test,  together  with  a  policy 
of  insurance  for for  one  year,  issued  by  any  re- 
liable boiler  insurance  company,  is  to  be  furnished. 

SMOKE  CONSUMERS. 

There  should  be  no  trouble  from  any  objectionable 
amount  of  smoke  in  the  proper  incineration  of  refuse,  as 
there  can  only  be  complete  incineration  with  perfect 
combustion,  and  a  furnace  constructed  so  as  to  secure 
such  combustion,  cannot  smoke. 

The  use  of  an  auxiliary  furnace  as  a  smoke  or  a 
stench  consumer,  is  therefore  not  only  most  expensive, 
but  entirely  unnecessary. 

With  boiler  furnaces  it  is  different,  as  perfect  combus- 
tion is  not  essential,  and  therefore  smoke  can  only  be 
avoided  in  such  classes  of  furnace  by  a  good  fireman. 

As  a  rule,  all  mechanical  smoke  consumers  are  only  a 
waste  of  time  and  money,  for  while  it  is  possible  to  cut 
out  as  much  as  80  per  cent  or  90  per  cent  of  the  smoke, 
the  amount  of  steam  necessary  to  do  this  is  exceedingly 


AND  LIGHT.  247 

large,  and  all  such  steam  jets  are  a  nuisance  in  themselves 
from  their  most  objectionable  noise. 

The  principles  upon  which  all  these  steam  jets  depend 
for  their  operation  are  the  same,  being  as  follows : 

(1)  By  passing  the  steam  over  the  fire  so  as  to  strike 
low  on  the  bridge  wall  the  hydrocarbons  are  not  allowed 
to  pass  higher  than  the  steam,  for  the  reason  that  as  soon 
as  they  come  in  contact  with  the  moisture  of  the  steam, 
they  are  precipitated  back  into  the  fire  and  are  consumed. 

(2)  In  forcing  a  jet  of    steam    into    the    furnace    a 
greater  circulation  of  gases  is  produced,  thereby  securing 
greater  combustion  and  efficiency  from  the  fuel. 

(3)  In  passing  steam  over  the  fire  a  large  amount  of 
oxygen  is  drawn  into  the  furnace,  both  above  and  below 
it,  thereby  burning  all  hydrocarbons  before  they  strike 
the  boiler  tubes,   and  consequently  there  is  nothing  to 
pass  off  as  smoke. 

But  at  times  it  is  necessary  to  use  such  mechanical  de- 
vices, and  one  of  the  best  on  the  market  is  what  is  known 
as  the  Hydrocarbon  System.  In  this  system  for  smoke 
prevention  a  specially  designed  patented  door  apparatus 
is  substituted  for  the  ordinary  fire  door,  so  arranged  that 
the  air  is  heated  first,  and  passed  into  the  fire  chamber 
over  the  fire,  and  by  a  peculiar  arrangement  distributed 
in  proper  proportions  (suited  to  varying  conditions  of 
fuel  used  or  requirements),  to  form  an  induced  draft, 
supplying  to  the  carbon  from  the  coal  the  needed  amount 
of  free  oxygen  to  change  the  conditions  of  the  combusti- 
ble gases  from  carbonic  oxide  to  dioxide  and  mon-oxide 
gases. 

In  addition  to  this  another  element  of  heat  is  added 
to  the  coal,  by  superheating  a  small  amount  of  steam  in 
a  heavy  metal  retort,  and  dis-associating  the  steam,  there- 


248  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

by  forming  hydrogen  gas  which  is  ejected  into  the  fire 
chamber,  in  combination  with  the  induced  draft,  thus 
forming  a  valued  adjunct  and  increasing  the  ratio  of 
evaporation,  owing  to  less  frequent  firing  and  the  use  of 
slicing  bars,  less  deposit  of  soot  in  or  on  tubes  and  shell, 
and  less  ash  to  remove. 


250  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
CLASSES  OF  ENGINES  AND  PUMPS. 


ENGINES. 

Engines  are  classified  according  to  the  work  for  which 
they  are  built,  as:  (1)  stationary,  portable,  etc.;  (2)  from 
arrangement  of  the  cylinders  as,  simple,  compound,  triple 
expansion,  etc. ;  ( 3 )  according  to  the  kind  of  valves  to 
control  the  distribution  of  the  steam  as,  plain  slide  valve, 
automatic  cut-off,  Corliss,  etc. ;  (4)  according  to  thq 
motion  of  the  piston,  as  reciprocating  and  rotary. 

The  principal  subdivisions  of  these  types  are:  (1)  con- 
densing, (2)  noncondensing. 

In  most  engines  the  steam  distributing  valves  receive 
their  motion  from  one  or  more  eccentrics,  and  to  have  a 
perfect  understanding  of  any  character  of  engine,  the 
first  essential  is  to  have  a  thorough  understanding  of  its 
valve  gear,  by  which  is  meant  the  eccentric,  eccentric 
strap,  eccentric  rod,  rocker,  valve  stem,  and  distributing 
valve.  (Figs.  49  and  50.) 

The  simplest  valve  gear  is  that  of  the  slide  valve  type, 
which  is  usually  operated  with  only  one  eccentric,  which 
is  fastened  to  the  shaft  of  the  engine.  (Fig.  48.) 

The  principles  involved  in  this  type  of  engine  are  the 
same  as  in  the  more  complicated  types,  and  its  use  and 
operation  are  too  well  known  to  be  described  in  a  work  of 
this  character. 


252  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

CORLISS  ENGINE. 

(Fig.  47.) 

This  type  of  engine  is  generally  used  in  large  plants, 
being  the  most  economical,  owing  to  the  close  regulation 
of  the  steam  supply  by  the  automatic  changing  of  the 
point  in  the  stroke  of  the  piston  at  which  the  steam  supply 
is  cut  off. 

This  is  accompanied  by  using  some  form  of  trip  gear 
similar  to  the  one  first  introduced  by  its  inventor,  Geo. 
Corliss. 

In  the  Corliss  gear  there  is  a  separate  admission  valve 
and  a  separate  exhaust  valve  for  each  end  of  the  cylinder, 
entirely  independent  of  each  other.  The  admission  valves 
are  operated  by  either  one  or  more  eccentrics,  but  they 
are  automatically  closed  by  dash-pots  or  springs,  when 
the  piston  reaches  a  designated  point  of  its  stroke.  This 
point  will  vary  with  the  position  of  the  governor,  which 
position  will  vary  with  the  speed  of  the  engine,  which  is 
controlled  by  the  load  on  the  engine. 

The  exhaust  valves  are  opened  and  closed  by  the  mo- 
tion of  a  wrist  plate  to  which  these  valves  are  directly 
connected  by  rods  or  cranks.  Both  the  admission  and 
exhaust  valves  are  cylindrical  in  shape,  turning  in  cylin- 
drical seats  which  extend  across  the  ends  of  the  cylinder. 
The  \vrist  plate  which  operates  the  exhaust  valves  alone 
receiving  its  oscillating  motion  from  the  eccentric  which 
is  fastened  to  the  shaft  of  the  engine. 

When  the  piston  reaches  the  point  where  the  steam 
should  be  shut  off,  the  trip  gear  is  held  in  such  a  position 
by  the  governor  that  it  releases  the  admission  valve, 
which  is  snapped  shut  by  the  action  of  the  dash-pot,  or 
spring.  The  exhaust  valve  is  made  to  open  by  the  in- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

dependent  action  of  the  wrist  plate  which  is  operated  by 
its  eccentric. 

The  advantage  of  the  Corliss  valve  gear  is  the  long 
range  of  the  stroke  through  which  the  cut-off  can  be 
varied,  depending  only  on  whether  one  or  more  eccentrics 
are  used. 

With  one  eccentric,  the  cut-off  ranges  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  stroke  to  one-half,  at  which  point  the  eccem 
trie  starts  on  its  return  travel.  With  the  use  of  two 
eccentrics  this  range  can  be  extended  almost  the  entire 
stroke,  as  the  exhaust  valves  are  operated  entirely  inde- 
pendent. 

The  Corliss  engine  is  not  a  high  speed  engine,  owing 
to  the  time  it  requires  for  the  trip  gear  to  act. 

CONDENSING  AND   NONCONDENSING  ENGINES. 

All  engines  are  run  either  (1)  condensing,  in  which 
the  exhaust  steam  is  condensed  and  used  over  again,  or, 
(2)  noncondensing,  in  which  the  exhaust  steam  is  dis- 
charged into  the  atmosphere. 

Unless  this  exhaust  steam  is  used  for  heating  or  for 
other  purposes,  it  is  manifestly  a  most  extravagant  way 
to  operate  a  plant  of  any  size,  for  not  only  is  there  a  waste 
of  valuable  water  of  condensation  or  heat,  but  it  forces 
the  engine  to  work  against  the  back  pressure  of  the  at- 
mosphere, which  means  more  fuel  necessary  for  steam  to 
overcome  this  useless  work. 

For  the  purpose  of  removing  this  pressure  on  the  engine 
by  means  of  a  partial  vacuum,  two  principal  methods  of 
condensing  the  steam  are  employed,  viz:  (1)  by  conden- 
sers, either  surface  or  jet,  and  (2)  by  the  use  of  cooling 
towers  or  tables. 


256  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

A  surface  condenser  is  one  in  which  the  steam  passes 
through  pipes  surrounded  by  cold  water,  or,  the  water 
flows  through  the  pipes,  which  are  surrounded  by  the 
steam. 

In  the  jet  condenser,  the  steam  is  condensed  by  coming 
in  contact  with  cold  water,  which  is  introduced  into  the 
steam  chamber  as  a  spray. 

Where  it  is  impossible  to  get  a  sufficient  supply  of 
water  at  an  economical  cost,  then  a  cooling  tower  or 
water  table  is  used  for  the  purpose  of  condensation.  This 
is  done  by  locating  same  upon  the  roof,  and  allowing  the 
atmosphere  to  cool  the  condensation,  by  using  a  system 
of  mats  or  slats  over  the  surface  of  which  the  water  flows 
in  a  thin  film  to  a  reservoir  which  is  located  at  the  bottom 
of  the  cooling  tower. 

In  this  way  the  water  from  the  condenser  is  used  over 
and  over  again.  The  loss  of  water  by  evaporation  when 
this  method  is  used,  is  only  from  5  per  cent  to  10  per  cent, 
which  loss  must  be  supplied  with  fresh  water  from  some 
outside  source. 


SPECIFICATIONS    FOR    CORLISS    ENGINE. 

Gentlemen :  We  propose  to  furnish  you 

in  accordance  with  the  following  specifica- 
tions : 

Type  of  Engine — Engine  to  be  of  our 

type;  and  to  run  at revolutions  per  minute  with 

pounds  steam  pressure hand. 

Cylinder  Dimensions — Diameter  of  H.  P.  cylinder.  .  .  . 

inches.  Diameter  of  L.  P.  cylinder inches.  Length 

of  stroke  .  .  inches. 


en 

£ 
HI 

TJ 

<u 
<u 
Q. 
CO 


.2'     US 

1  * 

8  S 


^ 


258  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Power — I.  H.  P Ibs.  steam  pressure 

cut-off I.  H.  P Ibs.  steam  pres- 
sure   cut-off I.  H.  P Ibs.  steam 

pressure  cut-off I.  H.  P Ibs. 

steam  pressure cut-off. 

Material — The  cylinders  to  be  made  of  clean  hard  close^ 
grained  iron.  Will  be  covered  with  sheet  steel  lagging 
with  polished  corner  irons.  Space  between  jacket  and 
cylinder  to  be  filled  with  asbestos  or  best  quality  mineral 

wool.  Steam  pipe  inch  in  diameter.  Exhaust 

pipe inches. 

Frame — The  frame  to  be  used  for  this  engine  to  be  our 

and  guaranteed  to  stand  the  severest  strains 

without  showing  any  form  of  weakness.  The  guides  to 

be  of  the type,  insuring  perfect  alignment  with  the 

cylinder. 

Wheel — wheel ft.  diameter, inch 

face,  and  to  weigh pounds.  Made  in and 

accurately  turned  and  bored.  Wheel  to  be  grooved  for 
inch  ropes systems  of  grooves. 

Shaft — Shaft  to  be in  diameter  at  bearing 

between  bearing.  Bearings diameter long. 

The  main  bearings  to  be  provided  with  removable  top, 
bottom  and  quarter  boxes,  lined  with  best  quality  bab- 
bitt metal,  hammered  in  and  accurately  bored  and  scrapecl 
to  a  true  bearing  surface.  Quarter  boxes  are  adjustable 
with  wedges  fitted  with  adjusting  screws,  and  of  such 
design  that  the  wedges  and  boxes  may  be  removed  with- 
out moving  shaft.  Cap  to  have  a  feel  hole  for  examining 
journal  without  disturbing  adjustment  of  bearing. 

Crank  and  Crank  Pin — The  crank  will  be  of  our  stand- 
ard type,  polished  on  the  face,  pressed  on  shaft  and  keyed 


260  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

in  place.  The  crank  pin  will  be inches  diameter, 

inches  long,  pressed  in  crank  and  riveted  over. 

Valve  Gear — Cylinder  to  be  equipped  with  improved 
valve  gear  of  the  hook  releasing  type,  which  is  so  designed 
as  to  subject  all  parts  to  a  minimum  amount  of  strains. 
Steam  valve  hooks  and  levers  to  be  fitted  with  reversible 
hardened  steel  catch  plates. 

Piston — 

Crosshead — The  crosshead  is  of  the  solid  box  form, 
having  shoes  adjustable  with  wedges,  having  bearings  the 
entire  length,  which  can  be  removed  without  disengaging 
connecting  or  piston  rods.  The  shoes  are  lined  with  best 
quality  antifriction  metal  scraped  to  fit  guides.  Piston 
rod  will  be  of  open  hearth  steel,  finished  and  polished  and 
secured  to  crosshead  by  a  thread  and  jamb  nut,  so  the 
clearance  space  in  cylinder  can  be  equalized  at  any  time. 

Connecting  Rod — The  connecting  rod  is  made  from  a 
single  forging  with  solid  ends.  The  brasses  have  large 
wearing  surfaces  lined  with  best  quality  of  babbitt  metal, 
and  are  adjustable  with  wedges. 

Governor — The  governor  will  be  of  our  standard  type 
and  will  control  the  variations  in  speed  to  the  least  possi- 
ble range.  An  automatic  stop  will  be  provided,  so  in  case 
governor  belt  should  break  it  would  shut  the  engine 
down. 

Fixtures  and  Fittings — The  following  fixtures  and  fit- 
tings  will  be  furnished  :  Nickel-plated  sight  feed  oilers  for 
main  journals,  eccentrics  and  guides,  stationary  centrifu- 
gal sight  feed  oilers  for  crank  pins ;  throttle  valve,  full  set 
of  wrenches  for  the  parts  of  engine  that  require  adjust- 
ment, automatic  cylinder  lubricators,  foundation  bolts  and 
washers  and  foundation  plans. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  261 

Material  and  Finish — Shaft  and  connecting  rods  to  be 
of  best  quality  hammered  wrought  iron,  free  from  flaws 
or  other  imperfections,  and  to  be  nicely  finished.  Pistons 
and  eccentric  rods,  crank  and  crosshead  pins,  also  wrists 
of  valve  gear  to  be  of  best  quality  forged  steel.  Great 
care  will  be  exercised  in  making  the  castings  of  best  qual- 
ity as  regards  strength,  wearing  qualities  and  smoothness. 
All  castings  subject  to  wear  will  be  poured  from  special 
heats  of  charcoal  iron  mixture.  All  parts  will  be  made  to 
gauge  and  interchangeable.  Workmanship  and  finish 
will  be  first-class  in  every  particular.  Engine  to  be  primed, 
rubbed  down,  painted  and  varnished. 

Guarantee — We  guarantee  the  workmanship  and  mate-- 
rial in  the  engine  to  be  first-class,  and  we  will  furnish 
without  charge  a  duplicate  of  any  part  that  may  prove 
defective  in  material  or  workmanship,  provided  an  in- 
spection proves  the  claim,  within  one  year  after  engine 
is  started.  We  guarantee  the  engine  to  run  smoothly  and 
in  a  proper  manner,  without  undue  heating  or  vibration, 

Conditions  of  Operation  (300  I.  H.  P.  Noncondensing) 
-The  engine  is  to  run  noncondensing  at  200  revolutions 
per  minute.  Steam  pressure  125  Ibs.  above  the  atmos- 
phere. Back  pressure  15  Ibs.  absolute.  The  maximum 
load  for  which  engine  is  intended  equals  400  I.  H.  P. 
The  engine  is  to  operate  at  highest  efficiency  with  load 
equal  300  I.  H.  P.  The  average  load  will  equal  175-200 
I.  H.  P. 

Speed  Regulations — The  speed  regulation  shall  be 
within  1.5  per  cent  above  or  below  normal. 

Piston  Speed — The  piston  speed  regulation  shall  be  not 
less  than  560  feet  per  minute,  nor  more  than  600  feet. 

Clearance — The  clearance  shall  not  exceed  8  per  cent. 


262  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Erection — We  will  furnish  the  time  of  one  man 

days  to  superintend  the  erection  and  start  engine,  his  trav- 
eling expense  and  board  to  be  paid  by  you.  We  con- 
sider as  legitimate  traveling  expenses,  railroad  fare  and 
transfer  charges,  sleeping  cars  (when  traveling  at  night), 
meals  enroute,  excess  baggage  or  other  transportation 
charges  on  tools  or  materials.  You  are  also  to  prepare 
the  foundations  in  accordance  with  our  plans,  do  all  pip- 
ing, packing,  belting,  mason  and  carpenter  work,  and  fur- 
nish all  laboring  help  and  requirements  to  facilitate  erec- 
tion. When  delays  are  caused  to  our  man  by  material  or 
labor  not  furnished  by  us,  you  agree  to  pay  his  time  at 
$5.00  per  clay  and  expenses  while  so  delayed;  our  re- 
sponsibility being  limited  to  the  engine  proper  and  the 
accuracy  of  our  plans. 

Price — We  propose  to  furnish  the  foregoing  machinery 
as  specified  for  the  sum  of dollars  ($...). 

Terms  of  Payment — Payment  to  be  made  as  follows: 

when  engine  is  ready  for  shipment ;  balance ( 

days  after  shipment. 

PUMPS. 

Pumps  vary  greatly  in  design,  depending  on  the  char- 
acter of  work  for  which  they  are  constructed. 

They  are  now  made  to  handle  water,  beer,  molasses, 
acids,  oils,  melted  lead,  and  such  gases  as  air,  ammonia 
and  oxygen. 

The  different  types  used  to  cover  this  large  field  of 
work  are  defined  as  chain,  diaphragm,  jet,  centrifugal,  ro- 
tary and  cylinder  pumps. 

It  is  only  the  last  three  types,  viz. :  rotary,  centrifugal 
and  cylinder  pumps  that  are  used  in  the  field  covered  by 
this  work. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 
ROTARY  PUMPS. 

The  action  of  these  pumps  depend  upon  the  force  given 
to  the  water,  or  other  liquid,  by  the  action  upon  it  of  two 
tooth  wheels,  which  are  made  to  revolve  in  an  enclosed 
chamber,  each  tooth  of  these  wheels  acting  as  a  small 
piston,  and  pushing  the  water  or  liquid  ahead  of  it.  The 
Hat  faces  of  these  wheels  should  be  made  a  snug  fit  be- 
txveen  them  and  the  casing,  and  the  edges  of  the  teeth 
also  a  good  fit  against  the  sides  of  the  casing.  These 
pumps  occupy  but  little  space,  and  are  light  and  inex- 
pensive, but  are  of  low  efficiency.  They  are  chiefly  used 
to  pump  heavy  liquids,  or  \vater  holding  in  suspension 
large  masses  of  soft  material. 

CENTRIFUGAL    PUMPS. 

Pumps  of  this  type  depend  for  their  action  upon  the 
pressure  produced  by  the  centrifugal  force  of  the  water 
rotated  rapidly  by  the  vanes  of  the  pump.  As  it  is  the 
centrifugal  force  upon  which  these  pumps  must  rely  for 
moving  the  water  or  other  liquid,  they  are  designated  by 
that  name. 

These  pumps  are  only  efficient  when  working  under  low 
lifts,  being  limited  to  a  lift  not  exceeding  forty  feet. 
They  are  well  adapted  for  pumping  large  volumes  of 
dirty  water  or  sewerage,  and  are  therefore  much  used  foil 
sewerage  pumping  and  dredging. 

CYLINDER  PUMPS. 

These  are  power  pumps  used  principally  for  boiler  feed, 
compressed  air,  or  vacuum  purposes. 


re 

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HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  265 

Pumps  of  this  class  consist  of  the  combination  of  a 
steam  engine  forming  one  end  of  the  pump,  the  other  end 
being  for  the  pumping  and  discharge  of  the  water  or  air. 
The  two  ends  are  operated  by  a  single  piston  rod  which 
extends  through  the  pump  from  one  end  to  the  other, 
thereby  making  their  action  direct,  hence  they  are  called 
direct  acting  steam  pumps. 

DUPI^X  PUMPS. 

Such  pumps  consist  of  two  steam  pumps,  as  above  de- 
scribed, placed  side  by  side,  so  that  the  slide  valve  of  each 
cylinder  gets  its  motion  from  the  opposite  piston  rod 
acting  upon  a  lever  and  a  rocker  arm. 

The  effect  of  this  arrangement  is  to  produce  a  steady 
flow  of  the  water,  or  liquid,  without  the  usual  strains  pro- 
duced vvhen  the  flow  of  the  same  is  suddenly  arrested, 
and  then  started  again,  as  is  the  case  in  single  direct 
acting  pumps. 

In  duplex  pumps  the  two  pistons  move  in  opposite  di- 
rection, making  the  action  of  the  pump  continuous.  The 
valve  has  neither  outside  nor  inside  lap  and  hence  the 
steam  cannot  be  used  expansively.  The  steam  valve  ia 
carried  along  by  coming  in  contact  with  check  or  lock 
nuts  placed  on  the  valve  stem.  In  order  to  arrest  the 
steam  piston  when  it  completes  its  stroke,  and  allow  the 
other  pump  to  pick  up  the  motion,  thereby  preventing  the 
pump  stopping  altogether,  a  certain  amount  of  lost  mo- 
tion between  these  check  or  lock  nuts  must  be  allowed. 
Should  there  not  be  sufficient  lost  motion,  the  pump  will 
short  stroke,  if  too  much  lost  motion,  then  it  will  stop. 
The  lost  motion  allowed  or  the  auxiliary  valve  simply 
take  the  place  of  a  fly-wheel,  to  carry  the  pump  over  its 


The  Cameron  Pump. 
Fig.  54. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  267 

centers.  The  rule  is  to  allow  as  much  as  one-half  of  the 
width  of  the  steam  ports,  for  lost  motion. 

Pumps  of  this  type  are  divided  into  two  classes,  viz. : 
(1)  those  having  their  valve  gear  outside,  and  (2)  those 
having  the  valve  gear  on  the  inside,  and  hence  having  no 
moving  parts  visible,  except  the  piston  rod. 

The  leading  make  of  the  first  class  of  pumps  is  the 
duplex  pump,  shown  in  Fig.  53,  which  pump  is  especially 
adapted  for  central  heating  plants. 

Of  the  second  class  is  the  Cameron  pump,  shown  in 
Fig.  54,  and  which  is  largely  used  for  boiler  feed  pur- 
poses. 

HOT  WATER  PUMPING. 

The  pumping  of  hot  water  is  much  more  difficult  than 
that  of  cold  water,  as  the  vapor  from  the  hot  water  de- 
stroys the  vacuum  as  fast  as  it  is  formed.  In  actual  prac- 
tice it  is  not  possible  to  lift  water  whose  temperature  ex- 
ceeds 180  degrees.  Above  this  temperature  the  pump  must 
be  placed  below  the  water  supply,  so  that  the  water  can 
flow  into  the  pump.  Such  an  arrangement  is  not  necessary 
in  central  heatingplants,  as  the  hot  water  which  is  pumped 
through  the  mains  rarely  exceeds  170  degrees.  Pumps 
for  handling  hot  water  must  be  provided  with  special 
valves  of  hard  vulcanized  rubber  or  be  entirely  of  metal. 
Soft  rubber  valves  are  entirely  unsuitable  for  handling 
hot  water.  The  cylinder  should  also  be  brass  lined 
throughout. 


w 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  269 


CHAPTER  XV. 


GAS  AND  OIL  INSTALLATIONS  AND  COMPAR- 
ATIVE VALUE  OF  FUELS. 

It  can  no  longer  be  contended  that  the  refuse  of  a  city  has 
no  calorific  value.  While  it  is  true  that  this  value  is  very 
small,  varying  from  one  to  three  thousand  B.  T.  U.  per 
lb.,  it  nevertheless  is  proportionately  more  valuable  as  a 
fuel  than  those  fuels  of  a  higher  calorific  value  which  are 
much  more  costly  to  obtain.  While  coal  is  the  ordinary 
fuel  used  for  the  incineration  of  refuse,  both  gas  and  oil 
are  frequently  used  for  this  purpose,  and  in  view  of  the 
rapidly  increasing  use  of  same  for  fuel  purposes,  the  fol- 
lowing table  showing  their  comparative  value  will  be  of 
interest : 

Both  gas  and  oil  are  ideal  fuels  for  all  character  of 
furnace  work  when  properly  installed.  Fig.  55  shows 
the  proper  installation  of  a  Branch  Oil  Burner  in  a  boiler 
furnace,  which  installation  is  entirely  similar  to  its  in- 
stallation in  an  incinerating  furnace.  The  grate  bars  of 
both  firing  furnaces  must  be  covered  over  with  fire-brick 
or  ashes  to  exclude  the  excess  of  air,  the  same  as  is  done 
when  there  is  only  one  furnace.  While  either  steam  or 
air  can  be  used  to  atomize  the  oil,  the  use  of  steam  is 
preferable  as  it  gives  a  much  softer  and  more  diffused 
heat. 

The  installation  of  gas  burners  differ  only  from  that  of 
oil  burners  in  the  requirement  of  a  much  less  air  or  steam 
pressure  for  their  operation. 


270  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Both  wood  and  shavings  can  also  be  used  as  a  fuel; 
in  fact,  the  requirements  of  a  successful  incinerating  fur- 
nace are  similar  in  every  respect  to  those  of  a  boiler  fur- 
nace, for  a  furnace  which  will  develop  the  entire  efficiency 
of  a  boiler,  will  satisfactorily  incinerate  any  class  of 
refuse,  the  requirements  being  in  both  cases,  complete 
combustion. 


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272  HKAT  AND  LIGHT. 

PETROLEUM. 

Crude  oil,  fuel  oil,  or  any  distillate : 

Per  cent  of  ash,  .0. 

Heat  units  per  pound,  .20.746. 

Pounds  of  water  evaporation,  21.47. 

Per  cent  incombustible  matter,  25. 

Heat  units  available  for  steam-making,  10.920. 

Horse  power  per  pound,  4.238. 

Evaporation  per  pound  from  and  at  212  deg.  F.,  11.25. 

REFUSE. 

This  includes  increased  output  refuse,  garbage  and  all 
character  of  municipal  wraste.  Below  is  given  the  results 
of  official  tests  made  in  twenty-two  English  cities  of  the 
fuel  value  of  refuse,  the  evaporation  being  taken  from 
and  at  212  deg.  F. : 

Accrington,  1.39  pounds. 

Beckenhowe,  1.512  pounds. 

Blackburn,  1.297  pounds. 

Bolton,  0.8  pounds.. 

Bradford,  0.882  pounds. 

Bury,  1.58  pounds. 

Colme,  1.00  pound. 

Dorwen,  1.71  pounds. 

Fleetwood,  1.191  pounds. 

Grays,  1.22  pounds. 

Hackney,  1.415  pounds. 

Hereford,  1.65  pounds. 

Lancaster,  1.63  pounds. 

Liverpool,  1.173  pounds. 

Nelson,  1.516  pounds. 

Pembroke,  1.21  pounds. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  273 


Rochdale,  1.72  pounds. 
St.  Helens,  1.54  pounds. 
Salisbury,  1.10  pounds. 
Wakefield,  1.4  pounds. 
Wendsworth,  1.20  pounds. 
West  Hartlepool,  1.25  pounds. 


18 


The  Branch  Oil  Burner — Sectional  View. 

Fig.  56. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  275 


CHAPTER  XVI. 


FORMS  OF  FRANCHISE  AND  ORDINANCES. 

Owing  to  the  character  of  this  work  and  the  various 
requirements  of  modern  business  methods,  some  forms 
are  here  given  to  assist  those  who  are  engaged  either  in 
work  for  public  corporations,  or  endeavoring  to  secure 
franchises  or  contracts  from  municipalities. 

FORMS  FOR  FRANCHISES  AND  CITY  ORDI- 
NANCES. 

Chapter  907,  Section  6,  Page  801,  of  the  Revised  Stat- 
utes of  the  United  States: 

SEC.  6.  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  to  cast,  throw, 
empty  or  unload,  or  cause,  suffer  or  procure  to  be  cast, 
thrown,  emptied  or  unloaded,  either  from  or  out  of  any 
ship,  vessel,  lighter,  barge,  boat  or  other  craft,  or  from 
the  shore,  pier,  wharf,  furnace,  manufacturing  establish- 
ments or  mills  of  any  kind  whatever,  any  ballast,  stone, 
slate,  gravel,  earth,  rubbish,  wreck,  filth,  slabs,  edgings, 
sawdust,  slag,  cinders,  ashes,  refuse  or  other  waste  of  any 
kind,  into  any  part,  road,  roadstead,  harbor,  haven,  navi- 
gable river  or  navigable  water  of  the  United  States  which 
shall  tend  to  impede  or  obstruct  navigation,  or  to  deposit 
or  place,  or  cause,  suffer  or  procure  to  be  deposited  or 
placed,  any  ballast,  stone,  slate,  gravel  earth,  rubbish, 
wreck,  filth,  slabs,  edgings,  sawdust,  or  other  waste  in 
any  place  or  situation  on  the  bank  of  any  navigable  waters 
where  the  same  shall  be  liable  to  be  washed  into  such 
navigable  waters,  either  by  ordinary  or  high  tides,  or  by 
storms  or  floods,  or  otherwise,  whereby  navigation  shall 
or  may  be  impeded  or  obstructed. 


276  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

AN    ORDINANCE    GRANTING    A    FRANCHISE 
FOR  A  CENTRAL  HEATING  SYSTEM. 

An  ordinance  granting  the  right  of  way  in  and  under 
the  streets  and  alleys  and  public  grounds  of  the  city 

of ,  and  the  privilege 

of  constructing,  maintaining  and  operating  a  plane 
for  the  distribution  of  steam  or  heated  water,   or 
both,  for  domestic,  heating  or  power  purposes. 
Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  city  of  .... 


SECTION  1.     That  there   is   hereby  granted   to    .... 

,  of    ,  their 

successors  and  assigns  (who  are  hereafter  in  this  ordi- 
nance called  the  grantees),  upon  the  terms  and  condi- 
tions hereinafter  set  out,  and  for  the  period  of  fifty  years 
from  the  taking  effect  and  acceptance  of  this  ordinance, 
the  right  of  way  for  laying,  constructing  and  maintain- 
ing, in  and  under  the  streets,  alleys  and  public  grounds 
of  said  city,  the  pipes  and  mains  and  all  branches,  cut- 
offs and  manholes,  necessary  for  the  distribution  to  public 
and  private  consumers,  of  steam  or  heated  water,  or 
both,  for  domestic  heating  or  power  purposes,  and  the 
privilege  of  constructing,  maintaining  and  operating  in 
said  city  the  necessary  power  plant  and  machinery  to 
operate  the  same,  and  to  make  all  necessary  excavations 
therefor. 

SEC.  2.  All  pipes,  pipe  lines  and  appliances  construct- 
ed hereunder  shall  be,  as  far  as  possible,  constructed,  laid 
and  maintained  in  the  alleys  of  said  city,  and  only  in 
streets  where  no  alley  exists  in  the  block  adjacent,  run- 
ning in  the  direction  the  main  is  to  be  laid.  During  the 
laying  of  the  pipes  and  mains,  or  in  repairs  and  exten- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  277 

sions  thereof,  the  grantees  shall  not  unnecessarily  obstruct 
the  streets,  alleys  and  public  grounds,  and  shall  complete 
each  part  of  the  work  therein  without  unnecessary  delay, 
and  shall  restore  such  street,  alley  or  public  ground  to  as 
good  a  condition  as  before  the  grantees  entered  thereon, 
and  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  street  and  alley  committee 
of  said  council;  and  upon  failure  to  make  such  repairs 
the  city  may  cause  the  same  to  be  done ;  and  the  grantees 
hereby  agree  to  reimburse  the  city  for  the  cost  thereof. 

SEC.  3.  The  rights  and  privileges  herein  granted  shall 
be  subject  to  such  sanitary  and  police  regulations  as  the 
city  council  in  its  judgment  may  deem  just  and  proper,  in 
the  present  construction  of  said  plant  or  future  operation 
thereof ;  and  the  right  is  hereby  granted  to  said  grantees 
to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations  for  operating 
and  protecting  said  plant,  tapping  mains,  size  of  service 
orifices  and  all  other  appliances,  supplying  customers, 
shutting  off  service  for  non-payment  of  rates  by  private 
consumers,  and  preventing  the  waste  or  wrongful  use  of 
heat. 

SEC.  4.     The  grantees  shall  hold  the  city  of 

harmless  from  any  injury  to  any  per- 
son, or  the  property  of  any  person  or  corporation,  which 
may  result  from  the  negligence  of  the  grantees  while  per- 
forming the  work  of  laying  the  pipes  and  mains,  or  other- 
wise exercising  the  rights  and  privileges  herein  granted; 
and  should  the  city  be  sued  therefor,  the  grantees  shall, 
upon  notice  from  said  city,  appear  and  defend  or  settle 
the  same,  and  should  judgment  go  against  the  city  in 
such  case,  the  city  shall  recover  the  amount,  with  all  costs, 
from  the  grantees,  and  the  record  of  such  judgment 
against  said  city  shall  be  conclusive  evidence  in  the  cause 
to  entitle  the  city  to  recover  from  the  grantees. 


278  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

And  for  the  purpose  of  indemnifying  the  city  against 
any  loss  or  damage  by  reason  of  the  construction  or 
operation  of  said  plant,  and  for  the  purpose  of  indemni- 
fying the  city  for  any  loss  growing  out  of  the  exercise 
of  any  of  the  rights  and  privileges  herein  granted,  and 
for  the  prompt  restoration  of  all  streets,  sidewalks  and 
alleys  to  the  same  condition  they  were  in  before  the  ex- 
cavations provided  for  were  made,  the  grantees  shall, 
within  thirty  days  from  the  date  fixed  in  this  ordinance 
for  the  beginning  construction  of  the  plant  provided  for 
herein,  file  with  the  city  clerk,  a  bond  in  the  penal  sum 
of  five  thousand  dollars,  with  good  and  sufficient  sureties 
thereon,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  mayor  of  said  city; 
and  said  bond  shall  be  renewed  whenever  the  council  shall 
deem  the  sureties  thereon  insufficient. 

SEC.  5.  Said  grantees  are  authorized  and  empowered 
to  charge  consumers  for  steam  or  hot  water  for  heating 
purposes,  at  all  times  when  the  outdoor  temperature  is 
at  or  below  65  degrees  Fahrenheit,  not  exceeding  the  fol- 
lowing annual  rates :  For  steam,  per  square 

foot  of  radiating  surface;  for  hot  water,    per 

square  foot  of  radiating  surface;  and  for  hot  water  for 
bath  or  other  purposes,  where  the  water  is  removed  from 
the  pipes,  not  exceeding  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per 
thousand  gallons,  to  be  measured  to  the  consumer  by  a 
meter  to  be  furnished  by  the  grantees  without  additional 
charge. 

The  grantees  shall  build  and  maintain,  free  of  charge 
to  consumers,  all  service  pipes  from  any  main  of  the 
plant  to  the  outside  curb  of  the  sidewalk  of  the  street  in 
which  said  main  may  be  laid,  or  if  the  main  be  laid  in 
an  alley  without  sidewalks,  then  to  the  property  line  adja- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  279 

cent  to  said  alley;  all  other  service  and  inside  radiation 
pipe  to  be  built  and  maintained  by  the  consumer. 

And  in  consideration  of  the  grants  herein  made,  the 
grantees  hereby  agree  to  furnish  the  city,  free  of  charge, 
all  heat  required  for  the  present  or  any  future  city  hall, 
calaboose,  or  hospital  buildings;  provided  that  the 
amount  of  heat  to  be  furnished  to  said  city  free  of  charge 
for  said  buildings  shall  not  exceed  in  value,  according  to 
the  maximum  rates  to  consumers  permitted  herein,  the 

following  amounts :  $ per  annum  during  the  first 

fifteen  years  of  the  life  of  this  franchise,  and  $ there- 
after, and  for  any  excess  of  heat  furnished  for  said  build- 
ings over  said  amounts  during  said  periods  respectively, 
the  city  shall  pay  not  exceeding  two-thirds  of  the  maxi- 
mum rates  permitted  to  be  charged  consumers  herein; 
the  city  in  all  cases  to  build  and  maintain  all  service  and 
inside  radiation  pipes  necessary  to  heat  said  buildings  as 
hereinbefore  provided  to  be  done  by  consumers. 

SEC.  6.  None  of  the  rights  and  privileges  granted 
herein  shall  vest  or  take  effect  until  the  filing  and  ap- 
proval of  the  bond  provided  for  herein,  etc. 

ORDINANCE  FOR  CONSTRUCTION  OF  BRANCH 
INCINERATOR. 

An  ordinance  authorizing  and  directing  the ....  to  pro- 
vide by contract  for  the  construction  and  erection 

of  one  Branch  Garbage  Incinerating  Plant  for  the  de- 
struction by  fire  of  garbage,  dead  animals  and  other 
refuse,  and  the  utilization  of  all  waste  heat  therefrom, 
completely  equipped  and  installed,  including  building  to 
enclose  the  same,  and  appropriating  money  therefor,  and 
designating  the  location  of  the  site  for  same. 


\ 
280  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of , 

as  follows : 

SECTION  1.  The is  hereby  au- 
thorized and  directed  to  provide  by  contract  for  the  con- 
struction and  erection  of  one  Branch  Incinerating  Plant 
for  the  destruction  by  fire  of  garbage,  dead  animals  and 
other  refuse,  and  the  utilization  of  all  waste  heat  there- 
from, completely  equipped  and  installed,  including  build- 
ing to  enclose  same,  and  all  necessary  platforms,  ap- 
proaches, and  appliances  for  cleansing  carts  and  other 
receptacles,  in  accordance  with  specifications  now  on  file 
in  the  office  of 

SEC.  2.  The  said  incinerating  plant  shall  have  a  capac- 
ity of  incinerating tons  in  twenty-four  hours, 

and  developing  the  boiler  power  set  out  in  said  specifica- 
tions, and  said  incinerator  shall  be  of  sufficient  size  to 
hold  at  one  time  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  total 
amount  of  garbage  it  is  to  destroy  each  day,  and  be  capa- 
ble of  converting  the  same  into  a  clean  ash  or  clinker  and 
light  smoke,  within  the  time  limit  as  above  specified. 

SEC.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the to 

advertise  for  bids  for  the  construction  and  erection  of 
said  incinerating  plant,  completely  equipped  and  installed, 
of  the  capacity  named  in  Sec.  2  of  this  ordinance,  in- 
cluding the  building  to  enclose  same,  which  shall  be  of 
brick  construction,  with  a  slate  or  steel  roof,  concrete  fir- 
ing floors,  and  steel  tank  plate  flooring  directly  over  the 
incinerator,  with  hoppers  so  arranged  that  in  operation 
all  garbage,  or  dead  animals  may  be  dumped  directly  into 
said  incinerator  from  carts  or  wagons. 

The  chimney  for  said  plant  shall  be  of  hard  burned 
brick  laid  in  cement  mortar  lined  with  fire  brick,  and 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  281 

shall  not  be  less  than feet  high.      (If  iron 

stack  desired  insert  specifications  for  such  stack.) 

SEC.  4.  The  terms  of  said  contract  shall  provide  for  a 
guaranteed  efficiency  of  complete  incineration  and  power 
developed  from  the  waste  heat  and  gases,  i.  e.,  that  the 
successful  bidder  shall  furnish  a  competent  person  to 
direct  the  operation  of  said  plant  without  cost  to  the  city 
for  a  period  of  thirty  days  after  completion,  and  demon- 
strate the  results  as  specified  in  Sec.  2  of  this  ordinance, 
and  in  said  specifications. 

SEC.  5.     A  bond  in  the  penal  sum  of thousand 

dollars,  with  two  or  more  good  and  sufficient  sureties 
shall  be  given  by  the  contractor,  conditioned  for  the  faith- 
ful performance  of  each  and  all  the  terms  and  require- 
ments of  this  ordinance,  and  the  contract  entered  into 
by  authority  hereof,  and  the  said  specifications  which 
are  made  a  part  of  same. 

SEC.  6.  Payments  under  said  contract  shall  be  made 
as  provided  in  said  specifications. 

SEC.   7.     The  location  of    said    garbage    incinerating 
plant  shall  be  as  follows : 
********* 

SEC.  9.     There  is  hereby  appropriated  and  set  apart 

from  Municipal  Revenue  the  sum  of dollars  for 

the  construction  and  erection  of  said  incinerating  plant 
completely  equipped  and  installed,  as  herein  provided  for. 

FRANCHISE  FOR  GAS  WORKS. 

An  ordinance  granting ,  their  successors 

and  assigns,  the  right  to  construct,  maintain,  extend  and 

operate  a  system  of  works  in  the  City  of .  . for 

the  purpose  of  generating  gas  with  which  to  furnish  light, 
heat  and  power  to  the  said  city  and  its  inhabitants. 


282  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of 


SECTION  1.    The ,  their  successors 

and  assigns,  be  and  is  hereby  granted  a  franchise  for  the 

period  of years  from  and  after  the  date  of  the 

passage  and  publication  of  this  ordinance,  with  the  full 
right,  power  and  authority  to  construct,  maintain,  ex- 
tend and  operate  a  gas  plant,  machinery,  mines,  pipes  and 
other  apparatus  and  appliances  within  the  corporate  lim- 
its of  said  City  of ,  as  they  now  exist,  or  if  the 

corporate  limits  of  said  city  are  hereafter  extended,  then 
within  the  corporate  limits  as  extended,  for  the  purpose  of 
generating  and  furnishing  to  the  said  city  and  its  inhabi- 
tants, gas  for  light,  heat  and  power,  and  for  such  pur- 
poses to  enter  under,  upon  and  use  the  streets,  alleys, 
'bridges  and  public  places  of  the  said  city  and  lay  and 
maintain,  therein  and  thereon  such  mains,  pipes,  con- 
duits, apparatus  and  appliances  as  may  be  necessary  and 
proper,  subject  to  the  terms  and  conditions  hereinafter 
provided. 

SEC.  2.  That  no  mains,  pipes,  conduits  or  other  appa- 
ratus and  appliances  hereafter  laid  or  constructed  shall 
be  so  laid  or  constructed  so  as  to  interfere  with  or  in- 
jure any  of  the  water  pipes  or  sewer  pipes  laid  in  the 

streets,  alleys  or  public  places  of  the  said  City  of ; 

and  that  the  same  shall  be  placed  and  laid  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  City  Council  or  City  Engineer. 

SEC.  3.     The  said ,  their  successors 

or  assigns,  may  charge  a  maximum  rate  of 

per  one  thousand  cubic  feet  of  gas  to  be  measured  by  a 
gas  meter  and  may  make  all  needed  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  collection  of  such  charges  and  the  operation  of 
said  system. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  283 

SEC.  4.  Nothing  in  this  ordinance  shall  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  prevent  the  said  city  from  granting  to  other 
persons,  companies  or  corporation  the  right  of  using  the 
streets,  avenues,  alleys  or  other  public  places  in  said  city 
for  any  purposes  like  the  grantee. 

SEC.  5.  Said ,  their  successors  or 

assigns,  shall  have  full  right  and  power  to  assign  to  any 
person  or  company  all  the  rights  conferred  upon  it  by  the 
terms  of  this  ordinance;  provided  that  the  assigns  of  such 
rights  by  the  acceptance  of  such  assignment  shall  thereby 
become  subject  to  the  terms  and  provisions  of  this  ordi- 
nance; and  in  the  event  of  any  assignment  by  said  gran- 
tee of  the  rights  hereby  conferred  upon  it  such  assign- 
ment shall  be  in  writing  and  a  duly  authenticated  copy 

thereof  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the of  said 

City  of 

SEC.  6.  The  word  "grantee"  as  used  in  this  ordinance 

shall  denote  the ,  their  successors  and 

assigns. 

SEC.  7.  This  ordinance  shall  be  effective  and  in  force 
from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication  as  provided 
by  law. 

AN  ORDINANCE  TO  AUTHORIZE  CITY  TO  EN- 
TER INTO  CONTRACT  FOR  DISPOSAL  OF 
GARBAGE  BY  BRANCH  PROCESS. 

An  ordinance  to  authorize  the of  the 

City  of to  enter  into  a  contract  for  the 

sanitary  disposal  of  all  slop,  offal,  garbage  and  animal 

matter  of  the  City  of by  the  Branch 

process. 


284  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of .... 
as  follows : 

SECTION  1.    The of  the  City  of 

is  hereby  authorized  and  directed  to  enter  into  a  contract 
for  the  sanitary  disposal  of  all  slops,  offal,  garbage  and 

animal  matter  of  the  City  of by  the  Branch 

process.  Said  contract  shall  be  let  within  thirty  days 
from  the  date  of  the  approval  of  this  ordinance  and  shall 
provide  that  the  contractor  shall  commence  work  under 
said  contract  not  less  than  three  months  from  the  date 
of  said  contract.  And  said  contract  shall  further  pro- 
vide that  the  works  of  said  contractors  shall  be  located 
at  suitable  and  convenient  points  within  the  city  limits, 
to  be  approved  by  the  Mayor,  and  that  said  works  shall 
at  all  times  be  subject  to  the  inspection  of  the  Health 
Commissioner,  and  other  city  officials,  as  may  be  desig- 
nated by  the  Mayor. 

Said  contract  shall  be  made  and  entered  into  for  a 
period  of  not  less  than  ....  years,  and  the  said  contractor 

shall  enter  into  bond  with  the  city  of in  the  sum 

of .thousand  dollars,  conditioned  with  proper 

sureties,  that  said  contractor  shall  dispose  of  all  slop, 

offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter  of  the  City  of , 

in  a  sanitary  manner,  and  the  said  City  of shall 

be  obligated  by  said  contract  to  collect  and  deliver,  or 
cause  to  be  collected  and  delivered,  at  the  works  of  said 
contractor  all  the  slop,  offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter 

of  every  description  within  the  limits  of  the  City  of 

And  said  bond  shall  cover  the  further  condition 

that  said  contractor  shall  at  all  times  fully  comply  with 
all  the  terms  and  conditions  of  this  ordinance,  and  that 
said  contract  and  bond  shall  be  subject  to  approval  by 
the  Mayor  and  Council. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  285 

SEC.  2.  At  the  expiration  of  ten  years  from  the  date 
of  said  contract,  or  at  any  time  prior  to  said  date  of  ex- 
piration, the  City  of shall  have  the  privilege 

of  purchasing  the  entire  plant  of  said  contractors  at  a 
valuation  to  be  fixed  by  arbitrators,  one  of  said  arbitrators 

to  be  appointed  by  the  Mayor  of  the  City  of 

and  one  of  said  arbitrators  to  -be  appointed  by  said  con- 
tractors, and  if  said  two  arbitrators  cannot  agree  as  to 
the  value  of  said  plant  then  they  shall,  within  ten  days 
after  their  appointment,  agree  on  a  third  arbitrator  whose 
decision  shall  be  final  and  binding  to  all  parties.  A  strict 
compliance  with  the  terms  of  this  section  shall  be  the 
essence  of  said  contract. 

SEC.  3.  The  contract  for  the  disposal  of  said  slops, 
offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter  shall  be  let  at  a  fixed 
price  for  each  year  of  the  term  of  ten  years,  not  exceed- 
ing  thousand  dollars  for  any  one  year, 

and  upon  vouchers  properly  certified  to  by  the 

,  said  contractors  shall  be  paid  monthly  by  the 

City  Treasurer  from  a  fund  to  be  appropriated  and  set 
aside  for  the  purpose. 

SEC.  4.  The  contractors  for  the  disposal  of  the  slops, 
offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter  are  prohibited  from 
dumping  or  causing  to  be  dumped  any  of  said  slops,  offal, 
garbage  and  animal  matter  into  any  public  or  private 
sewer,  or  any  sink  hole,  vacant  lot,  public  or  private 

property,  street  or  alley  of  the  City  of , 

and  said  contractors  or  any  person  or  persons  acting  for 
them  or  at  their  instigation,  or  any  other  firm,  person  or 
corporation  shall  not  dispose  of  any  of  said  slops,  offal, 
garbage  or  animal  matter  other  than  by  the  Branch 
method  from  and  after  the  date  said  contract  goes  into 
effect,  and  the  contract  hereafter  let  for  the  collection 


286  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

and  removal  of  said  substance,  shall  provide  for  the  de- 
livery of  all  said  garbage  at  the  above  works,  at  times 
when  the  same  are  in  operation. 

Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  convicted  of  a  viola- 
tion of  this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misde- 
meanor, and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less  than 

dollars  nor  more  than dollars 

for  each  offense. 

SEC.  5.  That  all  ordinances,  or  parts  of  ordinances  in 
conflict  with  this  ordinance,  be  and  the  same  are  hereby 
repealed. 

SEC.  6.  This  ordinance  shall  take  effect,  and  be  in 
force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication. 

FRANCHISE    FOR    ELECTRIC    STREET    RAIL- 
WAY. 

An  ordinance  granting  to  the ,  its 

successors  and  assigns,  the  right  to  construct,  maintain, 
extend  and  operate  an  electric  street  railway  in  the  City 

of  ,  and  for  that  purpose  to  occupy  and 

use  certain  streets  and  alleys  in  the  said  city. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of .... 


SECTION  1.     That  the ,  its  successors 

and  assigns,  be  and  they  are  hereby  granted  a  franchise 

and  right  of  way  for  a  period  of years  from 

and  after  the  date  of  the  passage  and  publication  of  this 
ordinance  to  maintain,  construct  and  operate  a  single  or 
double-track,  electric  street  railway  of  standard  gauge 
with  all  necessary  turn-outs,  sidings,  switches,  wires  and 
poles  upon  and  along  the  following  streets,  alleys,  ave- 
nues and'  boulevards  in  the  City  of to 

their  present  and  future  corporate  limits,  to-wit : 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  287 

SEC.  2.  Said ,  it  suc- 
cessors and  assigns,  are  hereby  granted  the  right  to  use 
upon  the  whole  or  any  portion  of  its  tracks,  as  the  same 
are  now  or  may  hereafter  be  constructed,  electricity  as  a 
motive  power  supplied  to  the  cars  by  means  of  a  single 
overhead  trolley  wire;  the  electric  circuit  being  com- 
pleted by  the  rails  of  the  road,  and  for  this  purpose  the 

said ,  its  successors  and  assigns,  are 

hereby  expressly  authorized  and  empowered  to  erect  and 
maintain  in  and  along  any  and  all  public  streets,  high- 
ways, avenues,  alleys  and  boulevards  upon  which  the 
tracks  of  said  company  are  now  laid  or  which  may  here- 
after be  constructed,  such  posts,  brackets,  wires  and  fix- 
tures as  may  be  required  to  support  and  maintain  the 
overhead  trolley  wire.  For  such  support  and  mainte- 
nance either  horizontal  cross  wires  extending  across  the 
street  or  bracket  arms  projecting  over  the  track  or  by 
poles  in  the  center  of  the  street  between  the  tracks  with 
bracket  arms  thereon  projecting  over  the  tracks  as  said 
company  may  deem  more  suitable  may  be  employed.  All 
such  posts,  brackets,  wires  and  fixtures  shall  be  main- 
tained by  said  company  at  all  times  in  good  order  and 
condition  and  in  such  manner  as  not  unreasonably  to 
impede  public  travel.  Excepting  when  it  is  deemed  ad- 
visable to  place  the  poles  for  holding  the  wires  in  the 
center  of  the  street,  the  poles  shall  be  erected  on  the  side- 
walk close  to  the  curbing  and  said  poles  shall  not  be  less 
than  100  feet  apart. 

SEC.  3.  The  said  street  railway,  with  all  cars  thereon 
and  aH  appurtenances  belonging  to  the  said  Company, 
shall  be  kept  in  good  order  and  repair,  and  shall  be  oper- 
ated at  all  reasonable  hours  for  the  use  of  the  public. 

SEC.  4.  The  said  Company  shall  have  the  right  to 
carry  mail,  express  and  baggage. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  Company  shall  at  all  times  have  the 
right  to  charge  and  collect  a  fare  not  to  exceed  five  cents 
from  any  passenger  riding  on  said  railway  for  one  con- 
tinuous ride  from  any  point  on  the  line  to  any  other  point 

within  the  corporate  limits  in  the  City  of , 

providing  that  pupils  in  actual  transit  to  and  from  school 
shall  only  be  required  to  pay  one-half  fare. 

SEC.  6.  The  City  shall  have  the  power  and  reserves 
the  right  to  regulate  by  ordinance  the  rate  of  speed  of 
the  cars  to  be  run  by  such  railway ;  also  to  make  any  regu- 
lation the  City  Council  may  deem  necessary  for  the  safety 
of  persons  traveling  on  said  railway. 

SEC.  7.     Said ,  its  successors 

and  assigns,  shall  have  full  right  and  power  to  assign  to 
any  person  or  company  all  the  rights  conferred  upon  it 
by  the  terms  of  this  ordinance,  providing  that  the  assignee 
of  such  rights,  by  the  acceptance  of  such  assignment,  shall 
thereby  become  subject  to  the  terms  and  provisions  of 
this  ordinance,  and  in  the  event  of  any  assignment  by 
the ,  its  suc- 
cessors or  assigns,  of  the  rights  hereby  conferred  upon 
it,  such  assignment  shall  be  in  writing,  and  the  duly  au- 
thenticated copy  thereof  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of 
the 

SEC.  8.     This  ordinance  shall  be  accepted  in  writing 

by  the  Company  within  four 

months  after  the  approval  and  passage  hereof. 

SEC.  9.  This  ordinance  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  full 
force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication. 

SEC.  10.  That  all  ordinances  or  parts  of  ordinances 
in  conflict  with  this  ordinance  be,  and  the  same  are  hereby 
repealed. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  289 

FORM  OF  ORDINANCE  GRANTING  AN  ELEC- 
TRIC LIGHTING  CONTRACT  AND 
FRANCHISE. 

An  ordinance  authorizing  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs  of 

the  City  of   to  enter  into  a 

contract  with   ,  their 

successors  and  assigns,  for  the  furnishing  of  elec- 
tric lights  to  the  city,  and  for  other  purposes. 
Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of  .... 


SECTION  1.  That  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs  of  the 

City  of be  and  it  is  hereby 

directed  and  authorized  to  enter  into  a  contract  with 

,  their  successors  and 

assigns,  for  the  furnishing  of  electric  street  lights  to  the 

City  of ,  and  for  other 

purposes,  for  the  period  of  years,  upon 

the  said ,  their 

successors  and  assigns  entering  into  substantially  the  fol- 
lowing agreement,  to-wit: 

This  agreement,  made  and  entered  into  this day 

of ,  19 . . . ,  by  and  between 

,  their  successors  and  assigns, 

party  of  the  first  part,  and  the  City  of , 

in  the  State  of ,  party  of  the  second 

part,  witnesseth : 

That  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  reduced  price  to 
be  paid  for  each  arc  light,  now  and  hereafter  installed, 
and  the  installing  of  a  modern  and  up-to-date  plant,  and 
electric  lamps,  and  the  giving  of  an  all-night  service,  and 
the  furnishing,  without  cost  to  the  city,  all  electric  lights 
required  for  the  lighting  of  the  Mayor's  office,  the  City 

19 


290  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

Clerk's  office,  the  reception  room  and  council  chamber, 
and  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sums  hereinafter  set 

out  to  be  paid  by  the  City  of 

to  the  said ,  their  successors 

and  assigns,  and  of  the  mutual  covenants,  agreements  and 
stipulations  hereinafter  set  forth,  the  parties  hereto  have 
contracted  and  agreed,  and  do,  by  these  presents,  con- 
tract and  agree  with  each  other  as  follows : 

FIRST. 

The  party  of  the  first  part  promises  and  agrees  to  fur- 
nish, erect,  maintain  and  keep  lighted arc 

lights  in  said  City  of ,  for 

street  lighting  purposes,  of  the  kind  and  quality  herein- 
after mentioned,  and  supply  all  the  lamps,  materials,  ma- 
chinery, attachments,  appliances,  fixtures,  current,  car- 
bons, attendance  and  all  things  necessary  for  operating 
and  maintaining  said  lights  for  a  period  commencing  on 

the day  of 19 . .  . ,  and  ending  on  the 

day  of ,  19 

SECOND. 

All  arc  lamps  to  be  furnished  under  this  contract  shall 
be  what  is  known  as  the  alternating  current  enclosed  arc 
lamp,  having  a  nominal  rating  of  2,000  eandle-power, 
with  an  electrical  energy  of  not  less  than  521  apparent 
watts,  6.6  amperes  and  from  75  to  80  volts.  The  lamps 
are  to  be  provided  with  opal  inner  globes  and  clear  out- 
side globes,  or  both  inner  and  outside  globes  to  be  of  clear 
glass,  as  the  party  of  the  first  part  may  elect  at  the  time 
the  said  lamps  are  installed.  Said  lights  are  to  burn  with 
a  steady  light  and  to  be  operated  and  burn  all  night  upon 
an  every-night  schedule.  The  lights  shall  begin  to  burn 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  291 

every  night  one-half  hour  after  sunset,  and  to  burn  one- 
half  hour  before  sunrise  throughout  the  year  during  this 
contract.  The  party  of  the  first  part  agrees  to  furnish 
said  party  of  the  second  part  such  other  and  additional 
lights,  of  like  kind  and  quality,  at  the  same  rate  and  prices 
mentioned  hereinafter,  as  the  party  of  the  second  part 
may  need  and  desire. 

THIRD. 

Said  lamps  shall  be  maintained  and  located  where  the 
present  street  arc  lights  are  now  located,  and  said  lamps 
shall  not  be  discontinued  until  the  expiration  of  this  con- 
tract; that  any  one  or  all  of  them  may  be  moved  or  re- 
located to  such  places  as  the  City  Council  may  desig- 
nate, provided  always  that  same  are  located  within  the 

city  limits  of  the  City  of 

No  lamps  shall  be  relocated  and  placed  so  as  to  require 

an  extension  of  the  circuits  of  the  said 

,  of  more  than  six  hundred 

feet  to  reach  it,  and  the  cost  of  removal  of  such  lamp 
or  lamps  to  the  new  location  shall  be  paid  by  the  City 
of 

FOURTH. 

In  consideration  of  the  undertakings  and  agreements 
as  herein  set  forth,  to  be  performed  by  the  party  of  the 
first  part,  the  party  of  the  second  part  agrees  to  take  from 
the  said  party  of  the  first  part  two  hundred  arc  lights, 
and  to  pay  to  the  party  of  the  first  part  as  follows :  The 
sum  of  $ ....  per  lamp  per  year  for  each  and  every  lamp 
installed,  payable  in  twelve  monthly  installments  on  the 
15th  day  of  the  next  succeeding  month  in  which  said 
lights  are  furnished. 


292  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

FIFTH. 

It  is  further  agreed  that,  in  case  of  any  accident  or 
temporary  stoppage  of  the  burning  of  said  lights,  not 
involving  the  failure  of  the  whole  system  of  said  lights, 
a  deduction  of  two  cents  per  hour,  where  it  exceeds  one- 
half  hour,  for  the  time  each  of  said  lights  shall  fail  to 
burn,  it  being  understood  and  agreed  that  the  city  shall 
notify  the  light  company  of  the  failure  of  any  of  its  lamps 
to  burn,  and  the  penalty  shall  accrue  from  one-half  hour 
after  such  notification.  But  this  shall  not  apply  where 
the  causes  that  occasion  the  said  failures  of  said  lights 
to  burn  are  unavoidable  accidents  to  machinery,  lights 
or  appliances  whereby  the  same  are  disabled  or  pre- 
vented from  burning,  on  account  of  riots,  strikes,  fires 
and  other  causes  as  are  known  by  the  term,  "acts  of 
God,"  but  in  all  such  last-mentioned  cases  said  lights, 
shall  be  placed  in  repair  and  operated  without  unneces- 
sary delay,  and  during  the  time  the  lights  are  out  from 
any  of  the  causes  herein  last  specified  there  shall  be  no 
deductions  made  or  penalties  inflicted  upon  the  party  of 
the  first  part  by  reason  thereof,  except  that  the  City  of 

shall  deduct  from  the 

total  amount  which  the  city  would  have  to  pay  the  party 
of  the  first  part  for  such  light  or  lights  the  pro  rata 
amount  for  the  time  during  which  said  lights  are  out, 
owing  and  arising  from  any  of  the  causes  herein  last 
specified. 

SIXTH. 

It  is  understood  and  agreed  that  the  said  parties  of  the 
first  part  shall  furnish  said  lights  within  six  months  from 
the  date  of  this  contract,  but  if  the  party  of  the  first  part 
is  prevented  from  commencing  the  installation  and  erec- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  293 

tion  of  the  lamps  and  machinery  on  the  dates  aforesaid  by 
an  unavoidable  act  not  within  its  power  to  prevent,  or  by 
riots,  strikes,  fires,  and  any  other  such  causes  as  are  known 
by  the  term  "acts  of  God,"  then  the  time  for  commencing 
said  work,  or  the  completion  thereof  and  furnishing  light 
with  the  new  lamps,  shall  be  extended  for  the  time  the 
party  of  the  first  part  is  delayed  in  commencing  such  in- 
stallation and  completing  the  same. 

SEVENTH. 

It  is  further  agreed,  that  the  party  of  the  first  part 
shall  forever  keep  and  save  harmless  the  party  of  the 
second  part  from  any  and  all  damages,  judgments,  cost 
and  expenses  of  same,  including  attorney's  fees,  which 
it  may  suffer  or  which  may  be  recovered  against  the  party 
of  the  second  part,  by  reason  of  the  carrying  out  of  the 
performance  of  this  contract  by  the  party  of  the  first 
part. 

EIGHTH. 

It  is  understood  and  agreed,  that  this  contract  shall 
inure  to  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  successors  and  assigns 
of  the  party  of  the  first  part. 

NINTH. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  parties  hereto  have  set  their 
hands  and  seals,  acting  by  and  through  their  officers  and 
agents,  duly  authorized,  on  the  day  and  year  first  above 
written. 

Attest :  

City  of 

Attest :  

By... , 

Members  of  Board  of  Public  Affairs. 


294  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

SEC.  2.  That  all  ordinances  or  parts  of  ordinances 
in  conflict  with  this  ordinance  be  and  the  same  are  hereby 
repealed. 

SEC.  3.  This  ordinance  shall  take  effect  and  be  in 
force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication. 

FORM   OF   ORDINANCE   GRANTING  A   FRAN- 
CHISE FOR  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING,  HEAT- 
ING, POWER  AND  OTHER  PURPOSES. 

An  ordinance  to  grant  a  franchise  to 

and   ,  their  successors  and 

assigns,    for   electric  lighting,   heating,   power   and 
other  purposes. 
Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of.  ... 

,  State  of 

SECTION  1.     That and 

,   their  successors  and  assigns,  be  and 

are  hereby  granted  permission  and  a  franchise  for  the 
erection,  maintenance  and  placing  of  poles,  wires  and 
cables,  laying  of  pipes,  conduits  and  the  necessary  con- 
nections and  appliances  in,  along,  upon  and  over  all  the 
streets,  avenues,  alleys,  their  present  and  future  corporate 
limits,  bridges  and  other  public  places,  in  the  City  of 

,    State  of    , 

for  the  purpose  of  transmitting  and  furnishing  electricity 
for  light,  heat  and  power,  or  either  of  these,  for  public, 
commercial  or  domestic  purposes  and  uses,  together  with 
the  right  at  any  time  to  enter  upon  and  use  said  streets, 
avenues,  alleys,  their  present  and  future  corporate  limits, 
bridges  and  other  public  places,  for  the  purpose  of  making 
the  necessary  excavations  and  the  placing,  moving,  re- 
placing and  maintaining  their  poles,  wires,  pipes,  con- 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  295 

duits,  cables,  appliances,  and  making  the  necessary  con- 
nections with  private  property,  for  a  period  of 

years  from  the  passage  and  approval  of  this  ordinance. 

SEC.  2.     That  the  said and 

,  their  successors  and  assigns,  shall  be 

permitted  to  charge  for  commercial  lighting  at  a  rate  not 

exceeding   cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  meas- 

used  by  meter. 

The  rate  to  be  charged  for  power  service  shall  not 

exceed cents  per  kilowatt  hour,  measured 

by  meter,  but  the  said and 

,  their  successors  and  assigns  shall 

have  the  right  to  charge  such  flat  rates  for  power  service 

as  may  be  agreed  upon  by  the  said and 

.  .  .  . ,  their  successors  and  assigns, 

and  the  consumer. 

SEC.  3.  That  all  sections  of  ordinances  heretofore 
passed,  and  all  ordinances  or  parts  thereof  inconsistent 
or  in  conflict  herewith,  be  and  the  same  are  hereby  re- 
pealed. 

SEC.  4.  That  this  ordinance  shall  be  in  full  force  and 
effect  from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication. 

FORM  OF  AN  ORDINANCE  FOR  A  CONTRACT 
FOR  THE  COLLECTION,  REMOVAL  AND 
DISPOSAL  OF  GARBAGE  AND  FIX- 
ING THE  AMOUNT  TO  BE 
PAID  BY  THE  CITY. 

An  ordinance  authorizing  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs  of 

the  City  of to  enter 

into  a  contract  with and 

,  their  successors  and 


296  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

assigns,  for  the  collection,  removal  and  disposal  of 

all  slop,  offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter,  and  fixing 

a  maximum  amount  to  be  paid  by  the  city  for  same. 

Be  it  ordained  by  the  City  Council  of  the  City  of .... 


SECTION  1.     That  the  Board  of  Public  Affairs  of  the 

City  of be  and  it  is  hereby 

directed   and  authorized  to  enter   into   a  contract   with 

and    

their  successors  and  assigns,  for  the  collection,  removal 
and  disposal  of  all  slop,  offal,  garbage  and  animal  matter 

for  a  period  of    years,  upon  the  said 

and    , 

their  successors  and  assigns,  entering  into  substantially 
the  following  agreement,  to-wit : 

This  agreement  made  and  entered  into  this   ....   day 

of ,  19 .  . ,  by  and  between 

and ,  their  successors  and  as- 
signs, party  of  the  first  part,  and  the  City  of 

,  in  the  State  of    ,  party 

of  the  second  part,  witnesseth : 

That  for  and  in  consideration  of  the  sanitary  collec- 
tion, removal  and  disposal  of  all  slop,  offal,  garbage  and 
animal  matter,  and  the  providing  of  a  Branch  garbage 
incinerator,  and  all  necessary  modern  equipments  for  the 
sanitary  collection  and  removal  of  all  slop,  offal,  garbage 
and  animal  matter,  and  for  and  in  consideration  of  the 
sums  hereinafter  set  out  to  be  paid  by  the  City  of  .... 

to  the  said and 

,  their  successors  and  assigns,  and  of  the 

mutual  covenants,  agreements  and  stipulations  herein- 
after set  forth,  the  parties  hereto  have  contracted  and  do 
by  these  presents  contract  and  agree  with  each  other  as 
follows : 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  297 

* 

FIRST. 

The  party  of  the  first  part  promises  and  agrees  to  fur- 
nish, erect,  maintain  and  provide  a  Branch  garbage  in- 
cinerator and  all  necessary  carts,  horses,  mules  and  wash- 
ing and  disinfecting  apparatus  for  the  complete  sanitary 
collection,  removal  and  disposal  of  all  slop,  offal,  garbage 

and  animal  matter  for  a  term  of 

years,  without  cost  to  the  party  of  the  second  part  during 
said  term,  other  than  hereinafter  provided,  and  in  con- 
sideration of  said  agreement  as  above  set  forth  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  party  of  the  first  part,  the  party  of  the 
second  part  agrees  to  pay  the  said  party  of  the  first  part 

a  sum  not  to  exceed   dollars 

for  any  one  year  of  said  term,  said  sum  to  be  paid  the 
party  of  the  first  part  in  twelve  monthly  installments  by 
the  said  party  of  the  second  part  on  the  15th  day  of  the 
next  succeeding  month  in  which  said  work  was  done. 

SEC.  2.  The  word  garbage,  wherever  used  herein, 
shall  be  taken  to  mean  all  organic  household  waste,  offal, 
animal  and  vegetable  matter,  such  as  has  been  prepared 
or  intended  to  be  used  as  food,  or  shall  have  arisen  in  the 
preparation  of  food,  and  in  addition  shall  be  construed 
to  mean  other  organic  industrial  refuse,  such  as  paper, 
cans,  bottles,  discarded  tinware  and  iron,  and  other  simi- 
lar material.  The  contract  shall  also  be  construed  to 
mean  that  the  said  parties  shall  collect,  remove  and  dis- 
pose of  all  garbage  from  commission  houses,  wholesale 
and  retail  groceries,  public  markets,  hotels,  sanatoriums, 
hospitals,  fish  stores,  restaurants,  eating  houses  and 
apartment  houses. 

SEC.  3.  Garbage  shall  be  collected  at  all  places  in  the 
city  from  May  1st  to  November  1st,  during  each  year  of 
the  existence  of  this  contract,  three  times  a  week ;  from 


298  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

November  1st  to  May  1st,  during  each  year  of  the  exist- 
ence of  this  contract,  twice  each  week;  provided,  how- 
ever, that  collections  from  commission  houses,  hotels, 
hospitals,  fish  stores,  restaurants  and  eating  houses  shall 
be  made  each  day,  and  from  public  markets  each  market 
day,  immediately  after  market  hours. 

For  the  purpose  of  these  ordinances,  an  apartment 
house  shall  be  understood  to  mean  a  building  designed  for 
occupancy  for,  or  occupied  by,  three  (3)  or  more  fami- 
lies. It  is  further  understood  that  collection  of  garbage 
shall  not  be  obligatory  on  the  said  parties  unless  the 
owner  shall  provide  and  maintain  garbage  receptacles, 
one  for  organic  garbage,  and  another  for  inorganic  garb- 
age, which  receptacles  shall  be  water-tight  and  air-tight, 
easy  of  access  to  the  collector,  and  easy  to  empty,  and 
which  shall  be  at  all  times  kept  free  from  all  offense  to 
sight  and  smell,  and  from  unsanitary  conditions. 

SEC.  4.  The  said  parties,  in  the  collection  and  re- 
moval of  the  garbage  under  this  ordinance,  shall,  for 
said  purpose,  provide  themselves  \vith  water-tight  ves- 
sels, tanks  or  boxes,  mounted  on  two  or  four  wheels, 
which  shall,  when  containing  garbage  or  matter  giving 
off  noxious  odors,  be  securely  and  tightly  covered  on  top 
in  a  manner  to  be  approved  by  the  chief  sanitary  officer, 
so  as  to  prevent  the  contents  or  any  odor  escaping  there- 
from, and  when  unloaded,  after  the  delivery  of  each  load 
to  the  city  incinerating  plant,  each  vessel,  wagon  or  tank 
shall  be  thoroughly  washed  with  hot  water  and  disin- 
fected by  the  Branch  Disinfector  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
chief  sanitary  officer,  and  the  vehicles  drawing  each  ves- 
sel, box  or  tank  shall  be  at  all  times  so  loaded  and  driven 
that  none  of  the  material  shall  fall  upon  the  ground,  run 
out  or  spill  therefrom. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  299 

All  vehicles  drawing  or  carrying  such  vessels,  tanks  or 
boxes  shall  have  on  both  sides  thereof  a  sign  with  the 
words  "City  Garbage  Cart"  or,  "City  Garbage  Wagon" 
painted  thereon,  together  with  the  number  of  the  vehicle, 
to  be  at  all  times  plain  and  unobscured,  in  black  letters 
not  less  than  four  inches  in  height,  on  white  background ; 
the  number  of  the  wagon  to  be  registered  in  the  office  of 
the  City  Clerk. 

SEC.  5.  The  said  parties,  before  beginning  collection 
under  this  ordinance,  shall  divide  the  city  into  districts, 
and  shall  deliver  to  the  chief  sanitary  officer  a  list  of  the 
boundaries  of  each  district  and  the  day  of  the  week  on 
which  they  plan  to  make  collections.  The  chief  sanitary 
officer  may,  within  thirty  (30)  days  after  the  beginning 
of  such  collections  according  to  such  districts,  make  such 
charges,  alterations  and  additions  thereto  as  may,  in  the 
judgment  of  said  officer,  be  necessary  to  insure  the  ef- 
ficiency and  thoroughness  of  collections.  Thereafter,  on 
November  1st  and  May  1st  in  each  year  of  this  contract, 
such  contractor  shall  revise  such  districts  and  deliver  such 
revised  list  to  the  chief  sanitary  officer,  who  may,  for 
thirty  (30)  days,  make  such  changes,  alterations  and  ad- 
ditions to  such  districts  as,  in  the  judgment  of  said  offi- 
cer, may  be  necessary  to  insure  the  efficiency  and  thor- 
oughness of  such  collections.  Nothing  in  this  provision 
shall  be  construed  to  mean  that  the  said  parties  shall  not 
at  all  times  furnish  a  sufficient  equipment  to  collect  and 
remove  all  garbage  and  dead  animals  as  herein  provided 
for. 

The  said  parties  shall  not  be  permitted  to  depart  from 
the  time  fixed  for  collection,  except  by  obtaining  the  writ- 
ten consent  of  the  chief  sanitary  officer,  the  object  being 
that  all  collections  from  houses  in  each  district  shall  be 


300  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

made  on  certain  days,  and  as  nearly  at  the  same  hour  of 
the  day  as  possible. 

SEC.  6.  The  said  parties  shall  furnish  each  house- 
holder, on  May  6th  and  November  6th  of  each  year  of 
this  contract,  with  a  printed  list  of  the  days  on  which 
they  will  make  collections,  stating  in  such  list  the  time 
of  day,  as  nearly  as  possible,  when  such  collections  will 
be  made.  The  printed  list  shall  be  on  cardboard  not  less 
than  eight  inches  by  ten  inches  in  dimensions,  and  shall 
contain  such  extracts  of  the  city  ordinance  governing  the 
responsibility  of  the  producer  of  garbage,  the  responsi- 
bility of  the  collector  for  removal,  etc.,  and  such  recom- 
mendations and  rules  as  the  Mayor  and  chief  sanitary 
officer  may  desire  to  place  on  said  card. 

SEC.  7.  It  will  be  the  duty  of  every  resident,  house- 
holder, tenant,  hotel  keeper,  boarding  house  keeper,  re- 
tail dealer,  and  all  parties  of  persons  occupying  dwellings 
within  the  City  of  to  pro- 
vide, or  cause  to  be  provided,  portable  vessels,  tanks  or 
receptacles  for  holding  garbage,  said  vessels,  tanks  or  re- 
ceptacles to  be  perfectly  water-tight,  and  so  kept,  with  a 
handle  or  handles  on  the  outside,  and  provided  with  a 
tightly  fitting  cover,  which  cover  shall  not  be  removed 
except  when  absolutely  necessary,  or  such  other  design 
of  vessel,  tank  or  receptacle  can  be  used  as  shall  be  ap- 
proved by  the  chief  sanitary  officer.  Said  vessels,  tanks 
or  receptacles  shall  be  kept  or  placed  in  the  rear  of  the 
house,  or  in  the  basement  areas  or  passageways  most  ac- 
cessible to  be  collected,  and  never  upon  the  street,  alleys, 
sidewalk  or  other  public  place,  and  shall  be  of  a  capacity 
of  not  less  than  one  bushel,  or  five  gallons,  and  as  much 
larger  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary.  All  such  vessels, 
tanks  or  receptacles  shall  be  accessible  to  the  said  parties 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

when  called  for,  and  if  removed  by  them  shall  be  returned 
by  them  to  said  place  or  places  without  unnecessary  de- 
lay, and  no  person,  except  for  such  purposes  authorized, 
shall  in  any  manner  interfere  with  said  vessels,  tanks  or 
receptacles  or  contents  thereof.  In  case  of  dispute,  the 
chief  sanitary  officer  shall  decide  as  to  the  location  to  be 
selected  for  the  placing  of  vessels,  tanks  or  receptacles  by 
the  owner  or  tenant. 

Should  any  of  the  above  persons  or  parties  fail  to  pro- 
vide such  described  vessels,  tanks  or  receptacles  within 
five  (5)  days  after  receiving  written  notice  from  said 
parties,  then  the  said  parties  are  authorized  to  supply 
same,  and  charge  a  price  not  exceeding  the  regular  price 
charged  others  for  same. 

SEC.  8.  The  said  parties  will  be  required  to  furnish 
to  the  chief  sanitary  officer  immediate  notice  of  the  fail- 
ure of  any  householder  to  have  garbage  ready  for  col- 
lection on  the  day  set  for  such  collection,  or  to  provide 
the  required  receptacle  for  same,  or  make  any  payment 
due  said  parties. 

SEC.  9.  Upon  complant  or  complaints  having  been 
macle  of  a  failure  on  the  part  of  the  said  parties  to  prop- 
erly collect  and  remove  all  garbage,  it  will  be  the  duty 
of  the  chief  sanitary  officer  to  investigate  such  complaint, 
or  complaints,  and  if,  in  his  judgment,  such  failure  to 
collect  was  the  fault  of  said  parties,  he  shall  report  such 
violation  or  violations  of  the  ordinance  to  the  Mayor. 

SEC.  10.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief  sanitary  of- 
ficer to  investigate  all  complaints  made  of  failure  on  the 
part  of  the  householders,  tenants,  hotel  keepers,  boarding 
house  keepers  and  all  parties  or  persons  occupying  dwell- 
ings within  the  City  of . . ,  com- 
mission houses,  wholesale  and  retail  dealers,  sanatoriums 
hospitals,  fish  stores,  restaurants,  eating  houses  and  own- 


302  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

ers  of  apartment  houses  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of 
the  ordinances  requiring  the  placing  of  vessels,  tanks  or 
receptacles  for  emptying  by  the  said  parties,  and  to  prose- 
cute offenders  under  the  provisions  of  this  ordinance;  or, 
he  failing  to  do  so,  the  said  parties  themselves  can  at 
once  proceed  to  prosecute  all  violaters  under  this  ordi- 
nance. 

SEC.  11.  The  said  parties  shall  provide  themselves 
with  an  office,  conveniently  located,  and  furnished  with  a 
telephone.  A  clerk  shall  be  regularly  employed  to  an- 
swer all  complaints  and  to  promptly  dispose  of  the  same. 

SEC.  12.  Said  parties  shall  file  with  the  City  Clerk, 
within  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  the  approval  of  this 
ordinance,  their  acceptance  of  its  provisions,  and  shall 

at  the  time  enter  into  bond  with  the  City  of 

,  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars,  with  suf- 
ficient security,  to  be  approved  by  the  Mayor  or  City 
Council,  conditioned  that  the  said  parties,  or  their  suc- 
cessors, shall  faithfully  comply  with  all  the  provisions  of 
this  ordinance. 

SEC.  13.  The  said  parties  shall  pay  any  judgment 
which  may  be  taken  against  said  city,  either  alone  or 
jointly  with  said  parties,  on  account  of  any  injury  or 
damage  to  persons  or  property  by  reason  of  the  carrying- 
out  of  this  ordinance,  caused  by  the  fault  of  said  parties ; 
provided,  that  if  the  city  is  sued  alone  for  such  injury  or 
damages,  due  notice  to  the  said  parties  to  appear  and  de- 
fend said  action  shall  be  given. 

SEC.  14.  The  said  parties  shall  give  to  the  residents 
of  said  city  and  county  preference  in  the  employment  of 
all  labor  necessary  in  performing  the  contract,  and,  failing 
to  do  so,  forfeit  to  said  city  the  sum  of  five  dollars  for 
each  failure  to  observe  this  stipulation. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT.  303 

SEC.  15.  The  said  parties  shall  be  required  to  haul, 
so  far  as  possible,  all  garbage  collected,  through  the  al- 
leys in  the  city,  not  making  use  of  the  prominent  busi- 
ness or  residence  streets.  In  all  cases  of  dispute  regard- 
ing the  using  of  an  alley  or  street  as  an  avenue  for  the 
hauling  of  garbage,  or  the  place  in  any  street  or  alley  at 
which  the  garbage  wagon  is  stopped  while  garbage  is 
being  collected  from  the  neighborhood,  the  chief  sanitary 
officer  shall  decide  which  route  to  haul  upon  and  at  which 
point  the  wagon  shall  be  stopped  to  make  collections. 
Said  officer  shall  notify  the  said  parties  in  writing  of 
his  decision,  and  said  officer  shall  investigate  and  report 
to  the  Mayor  each  case  wherein  the  said  parties,  after  the 
above  due  notice  in  writing,  repeat  the  offense ;  and  said 
parties  shall  thereupon  be  liable  for  a  fine  of  not  less  than 
one  dollar  or  more  than  five  dollars  for  each  and  every 
offense. 

SEC.  16.  Whenever  there  shall  be  annexed  to  the 
City  of  any  additional  ter- 
ritory, the  Mayor  or  Council  may  order  and  direct  the 
said  parties  to  begin  and  continue  collections  and  re- 
moval of  garbage  within  such  annexed  territory,  ac- 
cording to  the  terms  and  conditions  of  the  ordinance 
above  provided. 

SEC.  17.  The  said  parties  shall  deliver  all  slops,  offal, 
garbage  and  animal  matter  collected  as  provided  in  this 
ordinance,  to  the  city  garbage  incinerator  works,  or 
some  other  place  within  the  city  limits  as  may  be  desig- 
nated by  the  Mayor  and  Council. 

SEC.  18.  The  said  parties  shall  be  required  to  observe 
all  city  ordinances  in  relation  to  obstructing  streets,  keep- 
ing open  passageways  and  protecting  the  same  where  ex- 
posed, maintaining  signals,  and  generally  to  obey  all  laws 


304  HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 

and  ordinances ;  and  said  parties  shall  agree  to  indemnify 

and  save  harmless  the  City  of   

from  all  suits  and  actions  of  every 

kind  and  description  brought  againts  the  city  for  or  on 
account  of  any  injury  or  damage  received  or  sustained  by 
any  party  or  parties  or  by  or  from  the  said  parties,  their 
servants  or  agents,  in  the  carrying  out  of  this  ordinance. 

SEC.  19.  The  said  parties  shall  agree  to  complete  all 
equipments,  vehicles  and  other  equipments  contemplated 
in  this  ordinance,  and  begin  the  collection  and  removal 
of  all  garbage  as  prescribed,  within  three  months  after 
passage  and  publication  of  this  ordinance. 

SEC.  20.  Should  the  said  parties  not  be  incorporated 
at  the  time  of  the  approval  of  this  ordinance,  they  may 

thereafter  incorporate  under  the  laws  of 

for  the  purposes  herein  contemplated. 

SEC.  21.  Any  person,  firm  or  corporation  convicted 
of  a  violation  of  this  ordinance  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of 
a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  be  punished  by  a  fine  of  not  less 
than  five  dollars  nor  more  than  one  hundred  dollars  for 
each  offense. 

SEC.  22.     This  ordinance  shall  be  and  remain  in  force 

and  effect  for  a  period  of years  from  and 

after  its  passage  and  publication. 

In  testimony  whereof,  the  parties  hereto  have  set  their 
hands  and  seals,  acting  by  and  through  their  officers  and 
agents,  duly  authorized,  on  the  day  and  year  first  above 
written. 

Attest : 


City  of 

Attest :  

By , 

Members  of  Board  of  Public  Affairs. 


HEAT  AND  LIGHT. 


305 


SEC.  23.  That  all  ordinances  or  parts  of  ordinances 
in  conflict  with  this  ordinance  be  and  the  same  are  hereby 
repealed. 

SEC.  24.  This  ordinance  shall  take  effect  and  be  in 
force  from  and  after  its  passage  and  publication. 


20 


Olagncr  eiectric  IWg,  Co, 


,  U.  $. 


SINGLE  PHASE  MOTORS       -  -         Bulletin  75-K 

POLYPHASE  MOTORS       -       -  -     Bulletin  74-K 

TRANSFORMERS     -  Bulletin  72-K 

SWITCHBOARD  INSTRUMENTS  -  -      Bulletin  67-K 

PORTABLE  INSTRUMENTS     -  -         Bulletin  71-K 

MOTOR  GENERATOR  SETS       -  -      Bulletin  69-K 


A  Set  of  our  bulletins  should  be  in  the  hands  of  every  Engineer. 
If  you  do  not  have  our  printed  matter  on  file  write  us  ::  ::  ::  :: 

Your  name  should  be  on  our  mailing  list  ::  ::  ::  ::  ::  ::  :: 
We  solicit  work  requiring  a  high  degree  of  Engineering  skill. 
We  have  offices  in  all  the  principal  cities  ::  ::  ::  ::  ::  ::  :: 


LARD,  OIL,  MALT  AMD 
CHEMICAL  TANKS 


John  O'Brien  Boiler 
Works  Company 


MANUFACTURERS 
...OF... 


STEAM  BOILERS  ™  SHEET 
IRON  WORK 


BUILDERS  OF 


STAND  PIPES  FOR  WATER  WORKS 


Boiler  Heads  flanged  to  order  on  the  O'Brien 
Patent  Flanging  Machine  and  the  Weaver  Flue 
Hole  Machine.  Repair  Work  executed  by  com- 
petent workmen  on  short  notice  and  at  reasonable 
rates.  VVVVV^V**-^ 


Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Mullanphy  and  Howard  Sts, 

SAINT    LOUIS 


Heine 

Water  Tube 
Boilers 


Are  as  well  adapted  for  the  utili- 
zation of  the  heat  of  waste  gases 
as  for  other  purposes  &  &  &  & 
Economical  in  the  use  of  any  fuel. 
Built  entirely  of  flange  steel  &  & 


MANUFACTURED    ONLY 

=   BY   == 


Heine  Safety  Boiler  Co 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


..THE.. 


Brownell  Company 


MANUFACTURERS 

OF 


High  Grade  Boilers  and  Engines 

Slide  Valve  and|Automatic  Engines 
Standard  and  High  Pressure  Boilers 
Plain  and  Submerged'Vertical  Boilers 
Portable  and  Scotch  Boilers 
Feed  Water  Heaters 


Catalogues  and  Estimates 
Furnished  on  Application 


811  NORTH  SECOND  STREET 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO 


Manufactured  Only 

JOS.  F.  WANGLER 

Boiler  and  Sheet  Iron  Works  Co. 

ESTABLISHED  1864 

1535-47  NORTH  9th  STREET  ::  ST.  LOUIS,  MO, 


moor  Iron  Co. 


EDGE  MOOR,  DELAWARE 


Manufacturers  of 


mater  Cube  Boilers 


SEND  FOR  CATALOGUE 


Carge  Units  a  Specialty 

See  Installations 


20000  H.   P. 

Union  Electric  Light  &  Power  Co., 
ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 

IN    ONE    PLANT 


22000  H.  P. 

Milwaukee  Electric  Railway  &  Light  Co., 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS. 

IN    FOUR    PLANTS 


ENGINES 


BOILERS 


CHAS.  W.  McHOSE 

CHEMICAL     BUILDING 
ST.    LOUIS 


Representing  Erie  City  Iron  Works 
Ma 


Bates  Machine  Works 


HEATERS 


SPECIALTIES 


E.  H.  ABADIE  &  COMPANY 

..ENGINEERS.. 

STEAM  GAS  ELECTRIC  HYDRAULIC 

CONTRACTORS  FOR  GENERAL  SERVICE  PLANTS 

DESIGNERS  AND  CONSTRUCTORS 

OF 

ELECTRIC  LIGHT  PLANTS  VENTILATING  SYSTEMS 

ELECTRIC  POWER  PLANTS  SEWERAGE  SYSTKMS 

ELECTRIC  RAILWAY  PLANTS  IRRIGATION  SYSTEMS 

DISTRICT  HEATING  SYSTEMS          WATERWORKS  SYSTEMS 

ISOLATED  HEATING  SYSTEMS         UNDERGROUND  CONDUIT  SYSTEMS 

INDUSTRIAL  PLANTS  ELECTRICALLY  EQUIPPED 
EXAMINATIONS  AND   REPORTS 

DISTRICT  DISTRIBUTERS 

FLEMING  ENGINES  WILLIAMS  STEAM  SPECIALTIES 

NATIONAL  BANK  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING 

ST.  LOUIS 


FLEMING 

(HARRISBURG) 

ENGINES 

BUILT  IN 

J6  DIFFERENT  STYLES 
and  900  SIZES 

SEND  FOR  LATEST  CATALOGUE 

HflRRISBURG   FOUNDRY  &  MflGfllNE  WORKS 

HARRISBURG,  PA.,  U.  S.  A. 

BRANCH  OFFICES  IN  ALL  PRINCIPAL  CITIES 
ST.  LOUIS  OFFICE  -  NATIONAL  BANK  OF  COMMERCE  BUILDING 


Cbe, 


fioovcn,  Owens,  Rentschlcr 
Company 


Hamilton,  Ohio 


/  Hamilton  Corliss  Engines 
BUILDERS  OF)  High  Speed  Four  Valve  Engines 

\  Hamilton  Holzwarth  Steam  Turbines 


SALES  OFFICES: 


ALAINTA, 
BOSTON,    - 
CHICAGO, 
CHARLOTTE, 
NEW  YORK,     - 
PITTSBURG, 
ST.  LOUIS,       - 
SAN  FRANCISCO, 
HONOLULU,  S.  I. 
JAPAN,     > 
KOREA,   i 
YUCATAN, 


Equitable  Bldg. 

Rundlett,  H.  E. 

Marquette  Bldg. 

Washburn,  A.  H. 

-  39  CortlandtSt. 

Empire  Bldg. 

Chemical  Bldg. 

Chas.  Moore  &  Co. 

Honolulu  Iron  Works 

Mitsui  &  Co. 
American  Trading  Co. 


The  Hydro-Carbon  System 

This  is  the  only  device  yet  invented 
::::  that  can  be  guaranteed  to  :::: 

Prevent    Smoke,  Increase  Power 
and  Save  Fuel 


All  of  these  things  we  guarantee  and  we  accomplish  more. 
Our  system  keeps  the  tubes  clean,  reduces  the  labor  of 
firing,  permits  the  use  of  inferior  fuels  and  dispenses  with 
forced  drafts,  mechanical  stokers,  the  complicated  "Down 
Draft"  apparatus  and  all  other  costly  and  troublesome 
appliances.  It  requires  no  special  setting  or  equipment  of 
the  boiler  and  can  be  applied  to  existing  boiler  plants 
usually  without  interruption  of  their  regular  duty  ::  ::  :: 

We  do  not  use  a  steam  jet  nor  a  forced  draft.    We  do  not  disturb  furnace 
walls,  nor  change  grate  bars,  nor  interfere  with  steam  pipes,  nor 
build  any  fire  walls  or  ducts.    We  do  not  interfere  with  exist- 
ing system  In  anyway.    We  do  not  require  special  firing. 
We  do  not  produce  so  much  ash  or  cinder,  nor 
need  to  clean  tubes  or  fire  so  often.    We 
reduce  repairs  to  the  furnace.    We 
have  no  incidentals  nor 
charges  for  "extras" 

WE  STOP  THE  SMOKE 


It  is  Sold  Under  an  Absolute  Guarantee 

both  as  to  its  performance  and  as  to  the  cost  of  maintenance 
We  refer  to  many  of  the  largest  Steam  Plants  in  the  U.  S. 
and  to  steamship  lines  who  have  used  our  system  with 
remarkable  results.  :::  :::  :::  :::  :::  Address 


HYDRO -CARBON  FURNACE  COMPANY  Of  Mo. 

E.  H.  HQVEY,   Superintendent.     G.  A.  WELLS,   Sales  Manager 

1012  CHEMICAL  BUILDING  :::::  SAINT  LOUIS,  MISSOURI 


D.  J.  PINK  ....  PRESIDENT 
W.J.KENNEDY  .  VICE-PRESIDENT 
J.  C.  KNIGHT,  SECRETARY  AND  TREASURER 


Southwestern    Electric 
Company 

24  and  26  S.  Tenth  St.  SaintlLouis 


Electric  Machines  and  Supplies 


Contractors  and  Electrical 
=  Engineers  = 


Complete  Plans,  Specifications  and 
Bids  made  for  Electrical  Work  in 
any  section  of  the  country.  Write 
us  for  information  .-.  /.  .-.  .-. 


Kupferle  Bros. 

Mfg.  Co. 

MISSOURI  BRASS  FOUNDRY 

STEAM  AND  GAS   PIPE 
WORKS 


600-2-4  North   Second  Street 

CORNER  WASHINGTON  AVENUE,  AND 

:::  119  Washington  Avenue  ::: 
=ST.  LOUI! 


CAST  AND   MALLEABLE   IRON    FITTINGS 


Jobbers  of  Wrought  Iron  Welded  Tubes  for  Steam, 

Gas  and  Water  ::::  Leather  and  Rubber 

Belting,  Packing  and  Hose 


SOLE  AGENTS  FOR 

CAMERON'S    SPECIAL    STEAM    PUMP,  Most  Efficient,  Durable   and 
Economical  Steam  Pump  in  Use 


The  National  Equipment 
Company 

CONTRACTORS   AND    EXPERT   ENGINEERS 

Complete  Steam,  Electric  and  Fuel 
=Oil   Equipments 


EXPERT  SANITARY  ENGINEERS 

Sole  Manufacturers  of  the    Branch 
Steam  Trap  and  the  Branch  Oil  Burners 

THE   BRANCH   GARBAGE  INCINERATORS 

Colonial  Security  Building        :::        ST.  LOUIS,  MO. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY, 
BERKELEY 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 

Books  not  returned  on  time  are  subject  to  a  fine  of 
soccer  volume  after  the  third  day  overdue,  increasing 
?o  $1  00  perTolume  after  the  sixth  day..  Books  not  in 
demand  may  be  renewed  if  application  is  made  before 
expiration  of  loan  period. 


REC'D  LD 

JAN  10  1 


(SEC  15 19^ 


15m-4,'24 


